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X Regional Study on Green Jobs Policy Readiness in ASEAN Final Report June 2021 X Regional Study of Green Jobs Policy Readiness in ASEAN – March 2021 Final Report 2 Copyright © The Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASEAN and the International Labour Organization ILO 2021 First published 2021 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications Rights and Licensing, International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email rightsilo.org. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with a reproduction rights organization may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. 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Information on ILO publications and digital products can be found at www.ilo.org/publns. All photos © ILO Printed in Thailand X Regional Study of Green Jobs Policy Readiness in ASEAN – March 2021 Final Report 3 The Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASEAN was established on 8 August 1967. The Member States are Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam. The ASEAN Secretariat is based in Jakarta, Indonesia. For inquiries, contact The ASEAN Secretariat Community Relations Division CRD 70A Jalan Sisingamangaraja Jakarta 12110, Indonesia Phone 62 21 724-3372, 726-2991 Fax 62 21 739-8234, 724-3504 E-mail publicasean.org Catalogue-in-Publication Data Regional Study on Green Jobs Policy Readiness in ASEAN – Final Report Jakarta, ASEAN Secretariat, June 2021 331.760959 1. ASEAN – Labour – Policy 2. Green Job – Green Skills – Recommendations ISBN 978-623-6945-15-5 ASEAN A Community of Opportunities for All This publication has been funded by the International Labour Organization ILO. The views expressed in this publication are the authors alone and are not necessarily the views of ASEAN Member States, the ASEAN Secretariat, or the International Labour Organization. The text of this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted, provided proper acknowledgement is given and a copy containing the reprinted material is sent to the Community Relations Division CRD of the ASEAN Secretariat, Jakarta. General information on ASEAN appears online at the ASEAN Website www.asean.org Copyright Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASEAN 2021. All rights reserved. X Regional Study of Green Jobs Policy Readiness in ASEAN – March 2021 Final Report 4 X Foreword His Excellency Minister of Human Resources of Malaysia First and foremost, I wish to commend the great work of the project team consisting of dedicated officers from the Ministry of Human Resources of Malaysia, with strong support from the International Consultant, in conducting the Regional Study on Green Jobs Policy Readiness in ASEAN. The same appreciation also goes to all Senior Labour Officials of ASEAN Member States for their unwavering support and contribution towards the success of this study. Undeniably, the inputs provided in the country-level assessment for the study have been beneficial towards the analysis on green jobs policy readiness of each member state. This is indeed another important milestone to promote the concept of Green Jobs amid the COVID-19 outbreak that threaten livelihood and employment. The idea of having this study began in 2018 when Malaysia as the Chair of the ASEAN Labour Ministers’ Meeting ALMM introduced the theme ‘Promoting Green Jobs for Equity and Inclusive Growth of ASEAN Community’. In the same year, Malaysia led ASEAN Member States in developing the ASEAN Declaration on Promoting Green Jobs for Equity and Inclusive Growth of ASEAN Community, which was endorsed in the 25th ALMM and notated by the ASEAN Leaders during the 33rd ASEAN Summit in Singapore in November 2018. As part of the implementation of the Declaration, Malaysia led the Regional Study on Green Jobs Policy Readiness in ASEAN. The study aimed to assess the policy readiness of ASEAN Member States in promoting and the transition towards green jobs. This study was the first ASEAN-directed regional study on green jobs. In view of the promising future for green jobs, it is high time and indeed a priority for ASEAN Member States to actively promote the transition towards and creation of green jobs. Notably, ASEAN Member States have great potential in developing green jobs and green skills, which will then not only reap enormous economic benefits in terms of the creation of new jobs opportunities but will also promote environmental sustainability. it is indeed timely for ASEAN to create a vast pool of skilled and competent workforce that will facilitate a high-income workforce as well as the support efforts to green employment and economies. This study report will serve as a significant benchmark in the implementation of the ASEAN Declaration on Promoting Green Jobs for Equity and Inclusive Growth of ASEAN Community. Undoubtedly, more work needs to be completed in promoting green jobs and green skills in the region. I am optimistic that we can continue to work together in this journey towards a sustainable development in ASEAN. Thank you. Datuk Seri M. Saravanan Minister of Human Resources Malaysia X Regional Study of Green Jobs Policy Readiness in ASEAN – March 2021 Final Report 5 Secretary-General of ASEAN for the Regional Study on Green Jobs Policy Readiness in ASEAN The growing need to address environmental impacts around the world, this region included, has paved the way for green jobs. According to the Fifth ASEAN State of Environment Report, the energy-related CO2 emission levels in the region could rise by 61 from 2014 to 2025. 1 Amidst the region’s economic growth, the report also stated that patterns of production and consumption are increasingly unsustainable. The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated a shift in the region’s world of work and disrupted economic growth. These circumstances have underscored the urgency for ASEAN to design a post COVID-19 recovery strategy to help economies and societies transit to a more environmentally sustainable and resilient future. Recognizing the linkages between the protection of the environment and economic growth, ASEAN has demonstrated both vision and commitment to promote a sustainable economic development agenda. These are embodied in the ASEAN Economic Community Blueprint 2025, the ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community Blueprint 2025, and the ASEAN Declaration on Promoting Green Jobs for Equity and Inclusive Growth of ASEAN Community. The ASEAN Comprehensive Recovery Framework which was adopted at the 37th ASEAN Summit also called for the upskilling and reskilling of the region’s workforce for green jobs. To this end, ASEAN Member States have been adapting strategies to engage in sustainable economic activities that has paved the way for green jobs. Although most ASEAN Member States have some conceptual definitions of green jobs and green skills, gaps exist in knowledge and data sources at the regional level. This Report of Regional Study on Green Jobs Policy Readiness in ASEAN goes some way to encourage policy makers to work on a common definition, along with knowledge sharing and understanding best practices in promoting green jobs and skills. Led by the Ministry of Human Resources of Malaysia in collaboration with the ASEAN Secretariat and the International Labour Organization, the report aims to highlight a policy framework for the promotion of green jobs and just transition, then utilizes the framework to assess the policy readiness of ASEAN Member States. The study is an activity in the ASEAN Labour Ministers’ Work Programme 2016- 2020 with relevant findings and timely inputs to ASEAN Member States in promoting green jobs in the region. I hope that the study’s analysis and recommendations will result in concrete follow-up initiatives that contribute to ASEAN’s preparedness and support the gradual transition towards green jobs for a more sustainable and resilient future. Only through holistic and coordinated actions may we achieve sustainable economic development and a high quality of life for all. DATO LIM JOCK HOI Secretary-General of ASEAN 1 ASEAN Secretariat, the Fifth ASEAN State of Environment Report 2017 accessible online at https//environment.asean.org/ soer5/ X Acknowledgements The Regional Study on Green Jobs Policy Readiness in ASEAN is one of the activities planned under the ASEAN Labour Ministers’ ALM Work Programme 2016-2020 to implement the ASEAN Declaration on Promoting Green Jobs for Equity and Inclusive Growth of ASEAN Community that was adopted by the 33rd ASEAN Summit in November 2018. The Ministry of Human Resources Malaysia, in collaboration with the ASEAN Secretariat and International Labour Organization ILO, coordinated the implementation of the Study. The Study Report has fulfilled its objective of supporting ASEAN policy makers with assessment and recommendations pertaining to policy adaption and readiness of ASEAN Member States AMS to promote green jobs and just transition. The Study Report was produced through a series of consultations with ASEAN Member States including through the conduct of the ASEAN Inter-Ministerial Forum on the Implementation of the ASEAN Declaration on Promoting Green Jobs for Equity and Inclusive Growth in ASEAN Community that was hosted virtually by the Ministry of Human Resources of Malaysia on 7-9 October 2020. The Ministry of Human Resource of Malaysia would like to express sincere appreciation to the following individuals for their technical expertise and knowledge in making this study worthwhile. X To the focal points, all of whom we cannot acknowledge individually, of labour ministries of ASEAN Member States for your invaluable time, information and insights; X To the team from the International Division, Ministry of Human Resource of Malaysia, led by Dr. Zaki Bin Zakaria, for their coordination and invaluable inputs, ensuring the realisation of the study and managing the online forum; X To the ASEAN Secretariat, particularly Ms. Mega Irena, Ms. Pitchanuch Supavanich Former Senior Officer, Ms. Madyah Rahmi Lukri, Mr. Carl Rookie Daquio, Ms. Sarah Choirinnisa Former Officer Mr. M. Alvin Pahlevi, and Ms. Felicia Clarissa for sharing their time and invaluable inputs at various stages of the Study; X To the ILO Team, particularly Dr. Cristina Martinez, and report author, Dr. Samantha Sharpe, for their expertise that made this Study Report possible; and to Ms Rakawin Leechanavanichpan, Ms Laurel Hoffner, Ms Hongye Pei, and Mr Monty Chanthapanya for their coordination support and invaluable inputs and revisions. X Regional Study of Green Jobs Policy Readiness in ASEAN – March 2021 Final Report 6 X Regional Study of Green Jobs Policy Readiness in ASEAN – March 2021 Final Report 78 X Regional Study of Green Jobs Policy Readiness in ASEAN – March 2021 Final Report X Regional Study of Green Jobs Policy Readiness in ASEAN – March 2021 Final Report 9 X Executive Summary Green jobs are a high priority in ASEAN as evidenced by the ASEAN Economic Community Blueprint and the ASEAN Declaration on Promoting Green Jobs for Equity and Inclusive Growth adopted at the ASEAN Summit in 2018. Many ASEAN Member States AMS have already made inroads into defining and counting green jobs within their economies and building the skills and capacities of policy makers. Each AMS is working at a different pace, and with a differing focus. The consequence is that gaps exist in knowledge and data sources for green jobs at the ASEAN level. The aims of this report are to 1. highlight a policy framework for the promotion of green jobs and just transition, and then 2. use this framework to assess the policy readiness of AMS for promoting green jobs and just transition. The policy mix for promoting green jobs and skills, as well as a just transition, is broad, encompassing many policy fields including development and employment policy, energy policy, industry policy, training and skills development, as well as sectoral level policies and policies at different jurisdictional levels. The broad array means that policy coherence and coordination are also critical issues in the successful implementation of policies for promoting green jobs. The ILO Guidelines for a just transition towards environmentally sustainable economies and societies for all highlight that the greening of economies and work will require “a country-specific mix of macroeconomic, industrial, sectoral and labour policies that create an enabling environment for sustainable enterprises to prosper and create decent work opportunities by mobilizing and directing public and private investment towards environmentally sustainable activities” 2015 p6. A policy framework for promoting green jobs and just transition was developed for this work, combining the nine key policy areas identified in the Guidelines for a Just Transition, and categorising each into the three broad areas of policies that promote green jobs; i creating demand for green jobs, ii enhancing supply for green jobs and iii institutional arrangements. The resulting policy framework was then used to assess policy readiness for promoting green jobs and just transition across AMS. In completing these assessments, we drew on responses to an extensive questionnaire completed by AMS between April and September 2020. Results from this questionnaire, along with other document analysis, were then used to develop the country narratives and summary assessment tables. The table below provides colour coded summary of the findings, with green representing significant elements of the framework element in place, orange representing need for additional processes policies needed and are identified i