日本福岛核电站处理水排放综合报告（英文版）-国际原子能机构.pdf-solarbe文库

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IAEA COMPREHENSIVE REPORT ON THE SAFETY REVIEW OF THE ALPS-TREATED WATER AT THE FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI NUCLEAR POWER STATION © IAEA, 2023 This is a report by the IAEA of the IAEA Review of Safety Related Aspects of Handling ALPS-Treated Water at TEPCO’s Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station. The views expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of IAEA Member States. Although great care has been taken to maintain the accuracy of information contained in this report, neither the IAEA nor its Member States assume any responsibility for consequences which may arise from its use. The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries. The mention of names of specific companies or products whether or not indicated as registered does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA. The IAEA assumes no responsibility for the accuracy or continuing existence of URLs for external or third party internet web sites referred to in this report and does not guarantee that any content on such web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. IAEA COMPREHENSIVE REPORT ON THE SAFETY REVIEW OF THE ALPS-TREATED WATER AT THE FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI NUCLEAR POWER STATION I Outline of the IAEA Comprehensive Report Director General’s Foreword III Executive Summary IV PART 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Background 1 1.2. The Comprehensive Report 9 1.3. The IAEA international safety standards 10 PART 2 ASSESSMENT OF CONSISTENCY WITH THE FUNDAMENTAL SAFETY PRINCIPLES 13 2.1. Responsibility for Safety 14 2.2. Role of the Government 15 2.3. Leadership and Management for Safety 17 2.4. Justification 18 2.5. Optimization of Protection 20 2.6. Limitation of Risks to Individuals 23 2.7. Protection of Present and Future Generations and their Environment 25 2.8. Prevention of Accidents 28 2.9. Emergency Preparedness and Response 29 2.10. Protective Actions to Reduce Existing Radiation Risks 31 PART 3 ASSESSMENT OF CONSISTENCY WITH SAFETY REQUIREMENTS 33 3.1. Regulatory Control and Authorization 33 3.2. Safety Related Aspects of Systems and Processes for Controlling Discharges 43 3.3. Characterization of the Source 54 3.4. Radiological Environmental Impact Assessment 59 3.5. Source and Environmental Monitoring 84 3.6. Involvement of Interested Parties 94 3.7. Occupational Radiation Protection 98 PART 4 MONITORING, ANALYSIS, AND CORROBORATION 103 4.1. Overview of Corroboration Activities 103 PART 5 FUTURE ACTIVITIES 111 5.1. Review Missions 112 5.2. IAEA’s Independent Sampling, Data Corroboration, and Analysis 114 5.3. Real Time Monitoring 115 5.4. IAEA Continuous Presence at the FDNPS 116 REFERENCES 117 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS 119 ANNEX 1 Summary of IAEA Review Missions and Published Technical Reports 121 ANNEX 2 Summary of relevant international safety standards used in the IAEA safety review 122 ANNEX 3 List of updates and amendments to TEPCO’s Implementation Plan and NRA Regulatory Review Milestones 123 ANNEX 4 Japan legal and regulatory provisions applied to the FDNPS 125 ANNEX 5 Tritium in the Environment 129 Outline of the IAEA Comprehensive Report FOREWORD by the Director General 1 Executive Summary 2 Part 1 Introduction and Background 5 1. Background 5 2. The Comprehensive Report x 3. IAEA International Safety Standards x Part 2 Assessment of Adherence to the Fundamental Safety Principles x 1. Principle 1 – Responsibility for safety x 2. Principle 2 – Role of government x 3. Principle 3 – Leadership and management for safety x 4. Principle 4 – Justification of facilities and activities x 5. Principle 5 – Optimization of protection x 6. Principle 6 – Limitation of risks to individuals x 7. Principle 7 – Protection of present and future generations x 8. Principle 8 – Prevention of accidents x 9. Principle 9 – Emergency preparedness and response x 10. Principle 10 – Protection actions to reduce existing or unregulated radiation risks x Part 3 Assessment of Adherence to the Safety Requirements 1. Regulatory control and authorization of discharges 2. Safety related aspects of systems and processes for controlling discharges 3. Characterization of the discharge and source term 4. Radiological environmental impact assessment 5. Source and environmental monitoring programmes 6. Involvement of interested parties 7. Occupational radiation protection Part 4 Monitoring, Analysis, and Corroboration 1. Corroboration of Source Monitoring 2. Corroboration of Environmental Monitoring 3. Corroboration of Occupational Radiation Protection Part 5 Future Activities 1. Review Missions 2. IAEA’s Independent Sampling, Data Corroboration, and Analysis 3. Real Time Monitoring References List of contributors Annexes 1. Applicable IAEA international safety standards 2. Timeline of missions and reports 3. Implementation Plan Revisions and NRA Milestones 4. Summary of Applicable Japanese Regulations and Laws 5. Tritium in the Environment III Director General’s Foreword The accident at Fukushima Daichi Nuclear Power Station in March 2011 and the subsequent operations at the plant have resulted in the accumulation of large amounts of water stored on the site. In April 2021, the Government of Japan published its policy on how it would manage this water. It decided to discharge it gradually into the sea after specific treatment. Shortly after the decision was made, the Government of Japan requested that the IAEA undertake an independent safety review of Japan’s implementation of its policy against the international safety standards. I agreed with Japan that the IAEA would review the implementation of the Government’s plans comprehensively before, during, and after any discharge of the ALPS-treated water. That year, I established an IAEA Task Force. It is made up of top specialists from within the IAEA’s Secretariat advised by internationally recognized outside experts from across the globe, including within the region. By the nature of its statutory mandate and global reach, the IAEA is able to use the internationally agreed nuclear safety standards as an objective blueprint for assessing the safety of the planned discharges. These international standards are constantly updated, taking into account advances in science and technology and learnings from research and experience. They serve as the indispensable global reference for protecting people and the environment, thereby contributing greatly to a harmonized and high level of nuclear safety worldwide. This comprehensive report makes the science of the treated water release clear for the international community and I believe answers the technical questions related to safety that have been raised. Based on its comprehensive assessment, the IAEA has concluded that the approach and activities to the discharge of ALPS treated water taken by Japan are consistent with relevant international safety standards. Furthermore, the IAEA notes the controlled, gradual discharges of the treated water to the sea, as currently planned and assessed by TEPCO, would have a negligible radiological impact on people and the environment. These findings and this comprehensive report represent a significant milestone in the IAEA’s review. Even so, our task is only just beginning. The IAEA will continue its impartial, independent and objective safety review during the discharge phase, including by having a continuous on-site presence and by providing live online monitoring on our website. This will ensure the relevant international safety standards continue to be applied throughout the decades-long process laid out by the Government of Japan and TEPCO. By doing so, the IAEA will continue to provide transparency to the international community making it possible for all stakeholders to rely on verified fact and science to inform their understanding of this matter throughout the process. Finally, I would like to emphasise that the release of the treated water stored at Fukushima Daiichi Power Station is a national decision by the Government of Japan and that this report is neither a recommendation nor an endorsement of that policy. However, I hope that all who have an interest in this decision will welcome the IAEA’s independent and transparent review, and I give an assurance, as I said right at the start of this process, that the IAEA will be there before, during and after the discharge of ALPS treated water. Rafael Mariano Grossi Director General, IAEA IV Executive Summary In April 2021, the Government of Japan released its Basic Policy on Handling of ALPS Treated Water at the Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings’ TEPCO Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Basic Policy. This policy resulted from a programme of review by the relevant Japanese government ministries, and TEPCO, about how to manage the accumulating ALPS treated water stored on site at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station FDNPS. The Basic Policy describes, among other topics, the method selected by the Government of Japan for the handling of the Advanced Liquid Processing System ALPS treated water which was to discharge the treated water into the sea. Following the announcement of this policy, the Government of Japan requested that the IAEA conduct a detail review of the safety related aspects of handling ALPS treated water stored at FDNPS, applying the relevant international safety standards. The IAEA Director General accepted this request and noted the IAEA’s commitment to being involved before, during, and after the ALPS treated water discharges. The IAEA is conducting this review in compliance with its relevant IAEA statutory functions, in particular, that established in Article 3.A.6 of the IAEA Statute which declares that the Agency is authorized “To establish or adopt, in consultation and, where appropriate, in collaboration with the competent or- gans of the United Nations and with the specialized agencies concerned, standards of safety for protection of health and minimization of danger to life and property including such standards for labour condi- tions, and to provide for the application of these standards, at the request of a State, to any of that State’s activities in the field of atomic energy.” In July 2021, the IAEA and the Government of Japan signed the Terms of Reference for IAEA Assistance to Japan on Review of Safety Aspects of ALPS Treated Water at TEPCO’s FDNPS. The IAEA activities in this regard consist of a technical review to assess whether the actions of TEPCO and the Government of Japan to discharge the ALPS treated water over the coming decades are consistent with international safety standards. The IAEA is also undertaking all necessary activities for the corroboration of the source and environmental monitoring programmes of TEPCO and the Government of Japan before, during and after the discharges. The IAEA’s review is organized into the following three major components to ensure all key safety elements are adequately addressed 1 Assessment of Protection and Safety, 2 Regulatory Activities and Processes, and 3 Independent Sampling, Data Corroboration, and Analysis. To implement the IAEA’s review in a transparent and inclusive manner, the IAEA Director General estab- lished a Task Force. The Task Force operates under the authority of the IAEA and is chaired by a senior IAEA official. The Task Force includes experts from the IAEA Secretariat alongside internationally rec- ognized independent experts with extensive experience from a wide range of technical specialties from Argentina, Australia, Canada, China, France, the Marshall Islands, the Republic of Korea, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, the United States and Viet Nam. These independent experts provide advice and serve on the Task Force in their individual professional capacity to help ensure the IAEA’s review is comprehensive, benefits from the best international expertise and includes a diverse range of technical viewpoints. Since September 2021 when the IAEA Task Force held its first meeting, there have been five review mis- sions, six technical reports, and numerous Task Force meetings. A summary of these activities and key milestones are included in Annex 1. Throughout this process the Task Force received information from the Government of Japan and TEPCO which helped the experts to better understand the technical and regulatory aspects of the planned discharges of ALPS treated water. The technical reports of the missions include summaries of the IAEA’s review and show the progress made by TEPCO and the Government of Japan. Over the past two years, the Task Force and the Government of Japan have identified and built on V the observations from these previous missions and the IAEA is now in a position to draw comprehensive conclusions about the safety of the discharge. Additionally, this review is occurring concurrently with Ja- pan’s Nuclear Regulation Authority’s NRA domestic regulatory review and approval. Therefore, the in- sights from the IAEA’s review were considered in the domestic process in a timely and beneficial manner. This comprehensive report includes explanations and insights over a broad range of topics that are import- ant to understanding the overall safety-related aspects of this process; this represents the “before” stage of the IAEA’s review as noted by the IAEA Director General. The purpose of this comprehensive report is to present the IAEA’s final conclusions and findings of the technical review to assess whether the planned operation to discharge the ALPS treated water into the Pacific Ocean over the coming decades is consis- tent with relevant international safety standards. The reviews of individual topics included in this compre- hensive report are based on hundreds of pages of technical and regulatory documentation, condensed and summarized to help make the conclusions from the IAEA’s review more accessible and understandable for the general public. A summary of relevant international safety standards is included in Annex 2. In order to fully assess whether the ALPS treated water discharge is conducted in a manner that is consis- tent with relevant international safety standards, the Task Force considered the Fundamental Principles for Safety, the Safety Requirements, and the supporting Safety Guides, published by the IAEA. These stan- dards are standards of safety for the protection of health and minimization of danger to life and property. In compliance with the IAEA’s statutory functions, these international safety standards are developed and co-sponsored in consultation with and, where appropriate, in collaboration with the competent organs of the United Nations and with specialized agencies. They serve as a global reference for protecting peo