世界能源统计年鉴2022（英）-BP-60页.pdf-solarbe文库

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bp Statistical Review of World Energy 2022 | 71 st editionDiscover more online All the tables and charts found in the printed edition are available at bp.com/statisticalreview plus a number of extras, including The energy charting tool – view predetermined reports or chart specific data according to energy type, region, country and year. Historical data from 1965 for many sections. Additional country and regional coverage for all consumption tables. An Excel workbook and database format of the data. Download the bp World Energy app Explore the world of energy from your tablet or smartphone. Customize charts and perform the calculations. Review the data online and offline. Download the app for free from the Apple App Store and Google play store. For 66 years, the BP Statistical Review of World Energy has provided high-quality objective and globally consistent data on world energy markets. The review is one of the most widely respected and authoritative publications in the field of energy economics, used for reference by the media, academia, world governments and energy companies. A new edition is published every June. Discover more online All the tables and charts found in the latest printed edition are available at bp.com/statisticalreview plus a number of extras, including The energy charting tool – view predetermined reports or chart specific data according to energy type, region, country and year. Historical data from 1965 for many sections. Additional data for refined oil production demand, natural gas, coal, hydroelectricity, nuclear energy and renewables. PDF versions and PowerPoint slide packs of the charts, maps and graphs, plus an Excel workbook of the data. Regional and country factsheets. Videos and speeches. Energy Outlook Watch the BP Energy Outlook 2017 video, containing our projections of long-term energy trends to 2035. Download the booklet and presentation materials at bp.com/energyoutlook Join the conversation BPstats Download the BP World Energy app Explore the world of energy from your tablet or smartphone. Customize charts and perform the calculations. Review the data online and offline. Download the app for free from the Apple App Store and Google play store. Disclaimer The data series for proved oil and gas reserves in BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2017 does not necessarily meet the definitions, guidelines and practices used for determining proved reserves at company level, for instance, as published by the US Securities and Exchange Commission, nor does it necessarily represent BP’s view of proved reserves by country. Rather, the data series has been compiled using a combination of primary official sources and third-party data. The Statistical Review of World Energy analyses data on world energy markets from the prior year. The Review has been providing timely, comprehensive and objective data to the energy community since 1952.1 bp Statistical Review of World Energy 2022 Introduction 2 Chief economist’s introduction 3 2021 at a glance 4 2021 Six key charts Primary energy 8 Consumption 9 Consumption by fuel 11 Consumption per capita CO2 Carbon 1 2 Carbon dioxide emissions from energy 13 Natural gas Flaring 14 Carbon dioxide equivalent emissions Oil 1 5 Production 20 Consumption 2 4 Prices 2 5 Refining 2 7 Trade movements Natural gas 2 9 Production 3 1 Consumption 3 3 Prices 3 6 Trade movements Coal 38 Production 39 Consumption 40 Prices and trade movements Nuclear energy 4 1 Consumption Hydroelectricity 4 2 Consumption Renewable energy 4 3 Renewables consumption 44 Renewable power generation 45 Generation by source 46 Solar capacity 47 Wind capacity 48 Biofuels production 49 Biofuels consumption Electricity 5 0 Generation 51 Generation by fuel Key minerals 5 2 Production 53 Reserves 53 Prices Methodology 54 More detail on the methodology Appendices 56 Approximate conversion factors 56 Definitions 5 7 More information Contents Acknowledgements We would like to express our sincere gratitude to the many contacts worldwide who provide the publicly available data for this publication, and to the researchers at the Centre for Energy Economics Research and Policy, Heriot-Watt University who assist in the data compilation.2 bp Statistical Review of World Energy 2022 The challenges and uncertainties facing the global energy system are at their greatest for almost 50 years, since the time of the last great energy shocks of the 1970s. Most immediate is the impact of the terrible events taking place in Ukraine, with its tragic toll on lives and communities. The war also threatens to lead to shortages in food and energy, which could detract materially from health and wellbeing across the globe. From an energy perspective, the growing shortages and increasing prices highlight the continuing importance of energy ‘security’ and ‘affordability’ alongside ‘lower carbon’ when addressing the energy trilemma. This immediate challenge sits alongside the need for the world to achieve a deep and rapid decarbonization consistent with meeting the Paris climate goals. Considerable progress has been made in sovereign pledges to achieve net zero, but those growing ambitions have yet to translate into tangible progress on the ground carbon emissions have risen in every year since the Paris goals were agreed other than in 2020 at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic. The world remains on an unsustainable path. Chief economist’s introduction Added to those challenges, as COVID-19 restrictions around much of the world are relaxed and economic activity recovers, energy consumption is expanding sharply increasing the demands on available energy supplies and highlighting fragilities in the system. Responding to those multiple challenges and uncertainties requires timely, objective and comprehensive data. That is the role bp’s Statistical Review of World Energy has been playing for the past 71 years and continues to play this year. This year’s data show a sharp bounce back in global primary energy in 2021, increasing by almost 6 and more than reversing the sharp fall in energy consumption in 2020 as much of the world locked down. Primary energy use in 2021 is estimated to be more than 1 above its 2019 level. In many ways, this sharp rebound in energy demand is a sign of global success, driven by a rapid recovery in economic activity as the widespread distribution of effective vaccines allowed for an easing in COVID-19 restrictions in many parts of the world and a return to our everyday lives. But it also highlights that the pronounced dip in carbon emissions in 2020 was only temporary carbon equivalent emissions from energy including methane, industrial processes, and flaring increased by 5.7 last year. Smoothing through the impact of the pandemic, emissions were broadly unchanged over the past two years. Encouragingly, renewable energy, led by wind and solar power, continued to grow strongly and now accounts for 13 of total power generation. Renewable generation increased by almost 17 in 2021 and accounted for over half of the increase in global power generation over the past two years. The low-carbon energy sources and technologies needed to achieve a fast and deep decarbonization exist today – wind and solar power, biofuels, blue and green hydrogen, CCUS carbon capture, use and storage, and carbon dioxide removals. The challenge is to apply them at unprecedented pace and scale. At bp, we remain committed to playing our role as we pursue our net zero ambition. I hope this year’s Review is of use to others following a similar pathway. I would like to thank all those who help us compile the Review, including the governments and statistical agencies around the world who have contributed their official data again. The Statistical Review would not be possible without your continuing support and transparency. Thank you. Spencer Dale Chief economist June 2022 The pronounced dip in carbon emissions in 2020 was only temporary.3 bp Statistical Review of World Energy 2022 Energy developments Primary energy demand increased by 5.8 in 2021, exceeding 2019 levels by 1.3. Between 2019 and 2021, renewable energy increased by over 8 EJ. Consumption of fossil fuels was broadly unchanged. Fossil fuels accounted for 82 of primary energy use last year, down from 83 in 2019 and 85 five years ago. Carbon emissions Carbon dioxide emissions from energy use, industrial processes, flaring and methane in carbon dioxide equivalent rose 5.7 in 2021 to 39.0 GtCO 2 e, with carbon dioxide emissions from energy rising 5.9 to 33.9 GtCO 2 , close to 2019 levels. Carbon dioxide emissions from flaring and emissions from methane and industrial processes rose more modestly by 2.9 and 4.6 respectively. Oil Oil prices averaged 70.91/bbl in 2021, the second highest level since 2015. Oil consumption increased by 5.3 million barrels per day b/d in 2021 but remained 3.7 million b/d below 2019 levels. A majority of the consumption growth came from gasoline 1.8 million b/d and diesel/gasoil 1.3 million b/d. Regionally, most of the growth took place in the US 1.5 million b/d, China 1.3 million b/d and the EU 570,000 b/d. Global oil production increased by 1.4 million b/d in 2021, with OPEC accounting for more than three-quarters of the increase. Among all countries, Libya 840,000 b/d, Iran 540,000 b/d and Canada 300,000 b/d saw the largest increases. Nigeria -200,000 b/d, the UK -170,000 b/d and Angola -150,000 b/d reported the biggest declines. Refinery capacity declined for the first time in over 30 years by almost 500,000 b/d last year driven by a sharp reduction in the OECD 1.1 million b/d. As a result, refining capacity in the OECD in 2021 was at its lowest level since 1998. Natural gas Natural gas prices rebounded strongly across all three major gas regions in 2021, rising fourfold to record annual levels in Europe TTF averaging 16/mmBtu and tripling in the Asian LNG spot market JKM averaging 18.6/mmBtu. US Henry Hub prices nearly doubled to average 3.8/mmBtu in 2021 – their highest annual level since 2014. Global natural gas demand grew 5.3 in 2021, recovering above pre-pandemic 2019 levels and crossing the 4 Tcm mark for the first time. Its share in primary energy in 2021 was unchanged from the previous year at 24. LNG supply grew 5.6 26 Bcm to 516 Bcm in 2021, its slowest rate of growth since 2015 other than in 2020. LNG supply from the US rose by 34 Bcm, accounting for most of the new incremental supplies and more than offsetting declines from mainly other Atlantic Basin exporters. China surpassed Japan as the world’s largest LNG importer and accounted for close to 60 of global LNG demand growth in 2021. Algerian pipeline exports to Europe were the largest source of pipeline supply growth to the region 13 Bcm last year, followed by Azerbaijan 6 Bcm. While Russian pipeline supply to Europe overall was steady at 167 Bcm in 2021, exports to the EU decreased by 8.2 -12 Bcm. Coal Coal prices rose dramatically in 2021, with European prices averaging 121/tonne and the Asian marker price averaging 145/t, its highest since 2008. Coal consumption grew over 6 in 2021 to 160 EJ, slightly above 2019 levels and its highest level since 2014. China and India accounted for over 70 of the growth in coal demand in 2021, increasing by 3.7 and 2.7 EJ, respectively. Global production matched consumption with an increase in supply of 440 Mt. China and India accounted for much of the increase in production, which was largely consumed domestically, as well as Indonesia, supporting higher exports. Notably, both Europe and North America showed an increase in coal consumption in 2021 after nearly 10 years of back-to- back declines. Renewables, hydro and nuclear Renewable primary energy including biofuels but excluding hydro increased by around 5.1 EJ in 2021 – corresponding to an annual growth rate of 15, stronger than the previous year’s 9, and higher than that of any other fuel in 2021. Solar and wind capacity continued to grow rapidly in 2021, increasing by 226 GW, close to the record increase of 236 GW seen in 2020. China remained the main driver of solar and wind capacity growth last year, accounting for about 36 and 40 of the global capacity additions, respectively. Hydroelectricity generation decreased by around 1.4 in 2021, the first fall since 2015. In contrast, nuclear generation increased by 4.2 – the strongest increase since 2004 – led by China. Electricity Electricity generation increased by 6.2 in 2021 – similar to the strong bounce back seen in 2010 in the aftermath of the financial crisis 6.4. Wind and solar reached a 10.2 share of power generation in 2021, the first time wind and solar power have provided more than 10 of global power and surpassing the contribution of nuclear energy. Coal remained the dominant fuel for power generation in 2021, with its share increasing to 36, up from 35.1 in 2020. Natural gas in power generation increased by 2.6 in 2021, although its share decreased from 23.7 in 2020 to 22.9 in 2021. Key minerals The price of cobalt increased 63 in 2021 to average 51,000/ tonne. Similarly, lithium carbonate prices rose 58 to average 11,000/tonne. So far in 2022, mineral prices have continued to surge. Lithium production rose sharply by 27, cobalt output was up by only 4. Energy demand and emissions bounced back to around pre-pandemic levels in 2021, reversing the temporary reduction in 2020 resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. 2021 at a glance4 bp Statistical Review of World Energy 2022 Primary energy Primary energy grew by 31 EJ in 2021, the largest increase in history and more than reversing the sharp decline seen in 2020. Primary energy in 2021 was 8 EJ above 2019 levels. The increase in primary energy in 2021 was driven by emerging economies, which increased by 13 EJ, with China expanding by 10 EJ. Since 2019, primary energy consumption in emerging economies increased by 15 EJ, largely reflecting growth in China 13 EJ. In contrast, energy demand in developed economies in 2021 was 8 EJ below 2019 levels. The increase in primary energy between 2019 and 2021 was entirely driven by renewable energy sources. The level of fossil fuel energy consumption was unchanged between 2019 and 2021, with lower oil demand -8 EJ offset by higher natural gas 5 EJ and coal 3 EJ consumption. 2021 Six key charts Primary energy in 2021 grew by its largest amount in history, with emerging economies accounting for most of the increase 30 40 10 20 40 30 10 20 30 40 10 20 40 30 10 20 Oil Coal Natural gas Renewables Hydro Nuclear EJ 2007 2011 2009 2013 2015 2019 2017 2021 Change in primary energy by fuel 0 EJ 2007 2011 2009 2013 2015 2019 2017 2021 Change in primary energy by geography 0 Non-OECD OECD In 2021, the energy system rebounded strongly as the global economy r