碳捕获、利用及封存(CCUS)白皮书（英）-绿色国度.pdf-solarbe文库

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stateofgreen.com Connect. Inspire. Share. Think Denmark INSIDE THIS WHITE PAPER Explaining carbon capture, utilisation, and storage at its core The prospects of a strong ecosystem Unlocking the full potential of large-scale CO₂ mitigation The future of carbon capture Carbon capture, utilisation, and storage Picking the high-hanging fruits of CO 2 mitigation WHITE PAPERS FOR A GREEN TRANSITIONCOLOPHON CARBON CAPTURE, UTILISATION, AND STORAGE Picking the high-hanging fruits in CO 2 mitigation Version 1.0 November 2022 FRONT PAGE PHOTO Unsplash EDITOR IN CHIEF State of Green EDITOR IN CHARGE State of Green, infostateofgreen.com CONTRIBUTERS The Danish Energy Agency, Henrik Sulsbrück, hesuens.dk The Danish Energy Agency, Morten Skovgaard Olsen, msdoens.dk Innovation Center Denmark v/UM, Camilla Sofani Bartholdy, cabartum.dk Invest in Denmark, Charlotte Katrine Melchiorsen, chamelum.dk Green Power Denmark, Michael Madsen, mmagreenpowerdenmark.dk Green Power Denmark, Vibeke Højberg Strebøl, vhsgreenpowerdenmark.dk Confederation of Danish Industry, Henrik Skou, heskdi.dk Confederation of Danish Industry, Stella Bücker, stbudi.dk CCS Alliancen, Finn Lauritzen, flaaxcelfuture.dk DOWNLOAD THIS WHITE PAPER Download this white paper and other related publications at www.stateofgreen.com/publications FOR MORE INFORMATION T o order copies of this white paper or receive information about other related publications, please contact State of Green at infostateofgreen.com COPYRIGHT NOTICE © Copyright State of Green 20223 CARBON CAPTURE, UTILISATION, AND STORAGE Containing the global rising temperatures to a 1.5 degrees increase requires lowering the CO₂ concentration in the atmosphere drastically. There are many talks to be walked in decarbonising society. Some need to be addressed individually, and others necessitate collaboration - collaboration across value chains and borders. With carbon capture, utilisation, and storage CCUS, leaps can be taken and barriers can be broken. Partnerships spurring collaboration across borders With the Danish tradition of conducting public-private partnerships and high levels of societal trust, the recipe for a proven way of devising solutions to sustainable development challenges successfully is written. It has been followed before with the rise of the international offshore wind industry. Those learnings and guiding principles can prove valuable once again in developing CCUS as an international opportunity that can support a global green transition. and across the full value chain Denmark has experience in all corners of the CCUS value chain; from highly efficient combined heat and power plants, waste-to-energy facilities, and an energy-efficient industry, to a strong transport sector, district heating grids for utilisation of excess heat, and cutting-edge technology providers. Denmark also boasts a world-known track record for research and development, helping new industries well underway. T o execute it all, great attention is put towards educating a skilled labour force, ensuring a transition that is both green and just. But we are not quite there yet. Renewable solutions for green ambitions Denmark is blessed with an underground that has previously been exploited for oil and gas. With the government putting an end to the extraction, and optimal conditions for storing CO₂ in the same oil and gas fields, the way is paved for Carbon capture and storage CCS. Denmark has a high share of renewable electricity, which is crucial for the pro- duction of green hydrogen. T ogether with the aforementioned Danish competencies across the energy value chains, Denmark has a great foundation for utilising CO₂ CCU in the production of e.g. e-fuels and plastics. Combine a recipe that works with cutting edge prerequisites with an ecosystem that has more than 50 years of experience, and the world has a New Nordic industry emerging. About this white paper This white paper sets the scene with a global burning platform. All reliable science points to decarbonisation of the atmos- phere as the key solution to transitioning towards a more sustainable society. It takes the reader chronologically through the fundamental value chain and presents how and why Denmark is geared to advance a green transition and mitigate CO₂ hard- to-abate emitters, to the benefit of both the planet and the people who inhabit it. Executive summary4 Russia’s brutal and unjustified war in Ukraine has created an unprecedented situation on Europe’s energy market, with soaring energy bills that are increasingly problematic for households and businesses across the continent. The energy crisis requires our immediate attention, but as we focus on the problems at hand, we must not lose sight of our horizon. The climate and biodiversity crises are here, and they will not go away simply because there are other urgent issues to address. Every Member State has committed to make Europe the first climate-neutral continent by 2050 and to deliver our contribution to keeping the global temperature increase limited to 1.5 degrees. With REPowerEU, the European Commission set out our response to Putin s weaponisation of energy. The plan ensures the EU becomes independent from Russian fossil energy while still delivering on our climate commitments. Alternative supplies, higher energy savings and, above all, a massive acceleration in the deployment of homegrown renewable energy are at the centre. In several ways, REPowerEU changes the playbook for Europe’s energy transition. In the immediate future, certain Member States will use more coal than projected. Gas, on the other hand, is losing its role as a transition fuel. EU-wide targets for energy efficiency and renewables are set to higher levels than previously proposed, more funding is channelled towards energy carriers like green hydrogen, and targeted changes to permitting procedures will enable the necessary acceleration in rolling out wind, solar, and other renewables. While the EU is quickly turning the page on fossil fuels, carbon capture, utilisation, and storage CCUS projects remain building blocks on our way to climate neutrality. By 2030, 5Mt of CO₂ should be removed annually from the atmosphere and permanently stored through technologi- cal solutions. With CCUS projects funded by the Emissions T rading System-based Innovation Fund and a dedicated plan on “Sustainable Carbon Cycles”, European support for CCUS has grown over the years. The Commission is currently working on an EU regulatory framework for the certification of carbon removals, to develop robust and transparent carbon accounting rules. This proposal, which is expected for the end of this year, will ensure that carbon removals are credible and have the desired effect. Europe’s green transition requires safe and sustainable CCUS to reduce CO₂-emissions from hard-to-abate and energy-intensive industry processes, and to remove carbon from the atmosphere. With renewable energy as the pillar of our energy transition and CCUS technologies to comple- ment this transition, we can create new business oppor- tunities and make both the European energy system and economy more resilient. Frans Timmermans Executive Vice-President, European Commission Carbon capture, utilisation and storage – deep decarbonisation of society BY EXECUTIVE VICE-PRESIDENT FRANS TIMMERMANS, EUROPEAN COMMISSION5 CARBON CAPTURE, UTILISATION, AND STORAGE CCUS is a core technology in the Danish green transition on the road to Denmark’s 70 percent reduction target, and onwards to climate neutrality by 2050. At the same time, utilisation and storage of CO₂ has the potential to ensure a just transition by supporting employment in the same local areas, and for some of the same professional groups, as the oil and gas sector previously provided. The Danish ecosystem has unique conditions for captur- ing, utilising, and storing CO₂. The Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland GEUS calculates that the Danish subsoil can contain up to 22 billion tonnes GT of CO₂. This corresponds to between 500 and 1000 years of total Danish emissions at the current level - more than enough for other countries to exploit as well. Turning an old technology into an evergreen Carbon capture and storage CCS is neither an unknown nor untested technology. On the contrary, for well over 100 years, technologies that can capture CO₂ have been used. Since the 1920s, the air has been purified of CO₂ in sub- marines and since the 1960s in spacecraft. By utilising the captured CO₂ CCU - combining it with green hydrogen – e-methanol and e-kerosene can be made for fuelling our heavy industry, maritime fleet, and aviation. Green hydrogen can be made with clean power from wind turbines through the electrolysis of water. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC and the Danish Climate Council point to CCUS as an important means of fulfilling the Paris Agreement. Both because it can help decarbonise hard-to-abate emissions, and because it can remove CO₂ from the atmosphere through the capture and storage of biogenic CO₂. International partnerships are key It is not small things that are needed. According to the International Energy Agency IEA, by 2060 we must capture and store more than 100 billion tonnes of CO₂ in total to meet global climate and energy goals. Denmark accounts for 0.1 percent of global CO₂ emissions. In driving the global path to net zero, Denmark’s national efforts can offer great inspiration. Inspiration that stands on the shoulder of societal efforts, underlining why public-pri- vate collaboration is essential in the quest to develop tech- nologies, policies, and partnerships to accelerate the green transition. That is why we share our experience from the Danish energy transition with 24 countries across the world. By partnering with some of the world s biggest emitters, and fastest-growing economies, we put our expertise to use where it holds the greatest impact. We focus our efforts on Danish core competencies within energy transition. This whitepaper shows how Denmark is geared to reap the benefits of carbon capture, utilisation, and storage, and how the efforts can drive the green transition globally by working together. I hope you will feel inspired. Kristoffer Böttzauw Director General of the Danish Energy Agency A match made in the Danish underground BY KRISTOFFER BÖTTZAUW, DIRECTOR GENERAL OF THE DANISH ENERGY AGENCY6 Index Explaining carbon capture, utilisation, and storage 8 Policy regulations developing the framework 10 Capturing CO₂ from the most energy-efficient emitters 12 Driving innovation and development with public-private partnerships 15 Connecting the dots with a developed modern infrastructure 18 Utilising CO₂ 20 Storing CO₂ 24 Attracting foreign talent and developing business opportunities with CCUS 28EMITTERS – CO₂ CAPTURE TECHNOLOGY PROVIDERS fhh Hv h fhh Th hDA INFRASTRUCTURE Pv h‚ h T h G k UTILISATION fx ff h f f v STORAGE G v v M .. ..f hh 7 CARBON CAPTURE, UTILISATION, AND STORAGE FIGURE 1 The carbon capture, utilisation, and storage value chain The value chain is not explicit for the whole sector and this whitepaper presents just a range of the capabilities8 CHAPTER 1 Explaining carbon capture, utilisation, and storage CCUS CCUS is the process of collecting/capturing C waste carbon dioxide C and transporting it to a site, where it is either used U for alternative purposes or stored S in geological formations. The purpose of CCUS is to prevent the release of large amounts of carbon dioxide CO₂ into the atmosphere, but also to make biogenic CO₂ a valuable green commodity. T oday, carbon can be captured from the smoke from indus- tries and from heat and power plants and waste-to-energy facilities, or it can be separated from biogas plants instead of being emitted into the air. One way of capturing CO₂ is to conduct it through long pipes down to a liquid, which, among other substances, consists of additives that help absorb the CO₂ in the liquid. Once the CO₂ has been absorbed in the liquid, it can be separated and utilised for alternative purposes, or stored underground – onshore or offshore. Storing CO 2 Storing CO₂ is done by pumping the carbon into the many small cavities of the underground, while the above clay layer acts as a lid. As stated earlier, the Danish underground can store between 500 and 1000 years of the total Danish emis- sions at the current level. CO 2 utilisation If the captured biogenic carbon is put to use, it can be synthesised into green fuels, which can fuel aircrafts and the maritime fleets of the future. When utilising the captured CO₂, the CO₂ is recycled and thereby prevents other emis- sions from fossil fuels. CO₂ is already a valuable commodity and today the world uses 230 million tonnes Mt of CO₂ from fossil fuel sources each year, according to the Interna- tional Energy Agency. What picking the high-hanging fruits means When referring to picking the ‘high-hanging fruits’ , it is be- cause many of the ‘low-hanging fruits’ in the green transition have already been picked. Denmark has more than 50 years of experience doing just that. In particular in the sectors that can be retrofitted or directly electrified with relative ease. CCUS is a key enabler of deep decarbonisation of the hard-to-abate sectors/the high-hanging fruits. They include transportation, agriculture, and heavy industry such as cement and chemical production. Those who have the greatest prerequisites, hold the great- est responsibility. That is why Denmark and other countries are aiming to make CCUS a viable solution to meet global climate ambitions.CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 9 CARBON CAPTURE, UTILISATION, AND STORAGE Adapted from T echnical University of Denmark DTU FIGURE 2 - EXPLAINING CCUS Carbon capture, utilisation, and storage CCUS involves the capture of CO 2 from large point sources, such as power generation or industrial facilities that use either fossil fuels or biomass as fuel. The CO 2 can also be captured directly from the atmosphere. If not being used on-site, the captured CO 2 is compressed and transported by pipeline, sh