20221011世界气象组织《2022年气候服务状况：能源》.pdf-solarbe文库

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2022 STATE OF CLIMATE SERVICES ENERGYContributors / Publishing details Report Editorial Board WMO Johannes Cullmann, Maxx Dilley, Paul Egerton, Veronica F. Grasso, Cyrille Honoré, Filipe Lúcio, Jürg Luterbacher, Clare Nullis, Brigitte Perrin, Mary Power, Anthony Rea, Johan Stander Scientific review WMO Study Group on Integrated Energy Services SG-ENE Scientific editors Maxx Dilley, Veronica F. Grasso, Tom Idle, Nakiete Msemo Project coordination team WMO Veronica F. Grasso, Roberta Boscolo, Maxx Dilley, Hamid Bastani, Nakiete Msemo; DWD Tobias Fuchs; ENEL Foundation Carlo Papa, Claudio Pregagnoli, Luca Spinosa; WEMC Alberto Troccoli Agence Francaise de Développement AFD Julie Bompas, Marie-Noelle Woillez Adaptation Fund AF Alyssa Maria Gomes, Saliha Dobardzic, Claudia Lasprilla Pina Barcelona Supercomputing Center BSC Albert Soret, Ilaria Vigo Climate Investment Funds CIF Abhishek Bhaskar, Xianfu Lu, Loreta Rufo Climate Policy Initiative CPI Baysa Naran, Morgan Richmond Copernicus Climate Change Service, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts C3S, ECMWF Chiara Cagnazzo Deutscher Wetterdienst DWD Tobias Fuchs, Frank Kaspar Electric Power Research Institute EPRI Delavane Diaz, Laura Fischer, Rachel Gantz, Mike Howard, Morgan Scott Électricité de France EDF Sylvie Parey ENEL Foundation Carlo Papa, Claudio Pregagnoli, Luca Spinosa Energy Sector Management Assistance Program of the World Bank ESMAP Elisa Portale, Jiyun Park, Stephen Halloway Global Energy Interconnection Development and Cooperation Organization GEIDCO Han Huang, Changyi Liu, Xian Tan, Zijian Zhao, Fang Yang, Jinyu Xiao, Zhanghua Zheng Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies Isha Bhasin, Jérôme Duberry, Medha Manish, Emma Leonarda Magdalena Nijssen, Sekela Salome Ombura Green Climate Fund GCF Monica Gullberg, Edson Hlatshwayo, Joseph Intsiful, Carol Litwin Global Environment Facility GEF Aloke Barnwal, Fareeha Iqbal Group on Earth Observations GEO Hesham M. El-Askary Chapman University, Stelios Kazadzis Physics and Meteor. Obs. Davos/World Radiation Center, Charalampos Haris Kontoes National Observatory of Athens, Thierry Ranchin MINES Paris, Sara Venturini International Atomic Energy Agency IAEA Bertrand Magne, Henri Paillere International Energy Agency IEA Jinsun Lim, Chiara D’Adamo International Hydropower Association IHA Alex Campbell, Debbie Gray International Renewable Energy Agency IRENA Claire Kiss, Imen Gherboudj, Elizabeth Press Open Hydro Maria Ubierna, Cristina Diez Réseau de Transport d’Electricité RTE Laurent Dubus Sustainable Energy for All SE4ALL Alvin Jose UN-Energy Bahareh Seyedi, Minoru Takada World Energy operations, maintenance and management of energy systems; electricity integration into the grid; and impact assessment of energy systems. For example, climate 18 Life Cycle Water Use for Electricity Generation A Review and Harmonization of Literature Estimates 19 COP26 climate pledges could help limit global warming to 1.8 °C, but implementing them will be the key 20 IRENA, based on analysis of NDCs. 21 Regulatory Indicators for Sustainable Energy 22 World Energy Outlook 2021 23 Renewable Energy Market Analysis Africa and its Regions 24 SDG7 2022 report services are providing warnings ahead of dry conditions for hydropower operations planning in Tajikistan; localized wind-resource information is aiding full-value-chain wind industry decision-making; and climate services are supporting the placement of solar panels on noise barriers in Germany. Seventy-nine per cent of WMO Members provide climate services for energy, including some particularly notable examples. However, less than 50 of Members provide tailored products for the energy sector, which shows the untapped potential of National Meteorological and Hydrological Services NMHSs and the efforts required to address the emerging needs of this sector. Specialized services for renewable energy are sub-optimal. Just 25 Members maintain a dedicated observing network for energy services, and only 18 Members have access to observational or simulated data on energy from other national public, private and/or academic sector entities. Existing climate services for energy systems need to be expanded, and climate services for the energy system transition, in particular, need strengthening. INVESTMENTS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY NEED TO TRIPLE BY 2050, INCLUDING FOR CLIMATE SERVICES FOR ENERGY The radical transformation of the global energy system requires a significant increase in annual investment in energy from just over US 2 trillion globally to almost US 5 trillion by 2030. 22 Current levels of investment in renewable energy need to at least triple to put the world on a net zero trajectory by 2050, according to the Climate Policy Initiative CPI, including for climate services. In 2019–2020, the majority of renewable energy investments were made in the East Asia and Pacific region mainly China and Japan, followed by Western Europe, and North America, mainly the United States and Canada, according to CPI. According to the International Renewable Energy Agency IRENA and CPI, developing and emerging economies continue to remain underrepresented when it comes to accessing clean energy finance. Further, only 2 of such investment in the last two decades was made in Africa. 23 International public financial flows to developing countries in support of clean energy decreased in 2019 for the second year in a row, falling to US 10.9 billion. This level of support was 23 lower than the US 14.2 billion provided in 2018, 25 lower than the 2010–2019 average, and less than half of the peak of US 24.7 billion in 2017. 24 6