2022年上半年全球电力洞察（英）-EMBER.pdf-solarbe文库

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Publication date 5 October 2022 Global Electricity Mid-Year Insights Global electricity demand growth was met entirely by renewable power in the first half of 2022, halting the rise in fossil fuels. About This report gives mid-year insights into the global electricity transition. It analyses electricity data from 75 countries representing 90 of global electricity demand and includes projections for changes in the remaining countries. It compares the first six months of 2022 H1-2022 to the same period in 2021 H1-2021 to show how the electricity transition has progressed. Lead authors Małgorzata Wiatros-Motyka, Dave Jones Analysis contributors Hannah Broadbent, Nicolas Fulghum, Reynaldo Dizon, Phil MacDonald Languages English, Chinese Disclaimer The information in this report is complete and correct to the best of our knowledge, but if you spot an error, please email infoember-climate.org Creative Commons This report is published under a Creative Commons ShareAlike Attribution Licence CC BY-SA 4.0. You are actively encouraged to share and adapt the report, but you must credit the authors and title, and you must share any material you create under the same licence. Copyright © Ember, 2022 2 04 Executive summary 08 Chapter 1 Global analysis 08 Renewables met growing electricity demand, halting coal and gas 10 Power sector emissions may yet set a new record high in 2022 12 Are we close to reaching a new tipping point 13 Chapter 2 Country analysis 13 China 15 India 18 European Union 20 United States 22 Chapter 3 The “what if” scenario 24 Conclusion 26 Supporting materials Contents Highlights 389 416 5 Change in global electricity demand TWh Change in renewable generation TWh Change in fossil generation TWh 3 Renewables met all global electricity demand growth Executive summary The world is in the middle of an energy crisis. With all the headlines, it might have been expected that coal and gas use would have increased in 2022. But that is not what happened, at least in the electricity sector. In fact, in the first half of 2022, renewables met all the growth in global electricity demand, halting the rise in fossil fuels. Renewables met all growth in global electricity demand Global electricity demand rose 3 in the first half of 2022 compared to the same period last year; this was in line with the historic average. Wind and solar met 77 of this demand growth, and hydro more than met the remainder. In China, the rise in wind and solar generation met 92 of its electricity demand rise; in the US it was 81, while in India it was 23. Coal and gas generation remained almost unchanged Because renewables growth met all the demand growth, fossil generation was almost unchanged. Coal declined by 1 and gas declined by 0.05; these were offset by a slight rise in oil. Consequently, global CO2 power sector 01 02 emissions were unchanged, despite the rise in electricity demand. Coal in the EU rose 15 only to cover a temporary shortfall in nuclear and hydro generation. Coal in India rose 10 because of a sharp rebound in electricity demand from the lows early last year when the Covid-19 pandemic struck hardest. These rises were offset against falls of 3 in China and 7 in the US. Wind and solar growth delivered tangible cost and climate benefits The growth in wind and solar in the first half of 2022 prevented a 4 increase in fossil generation. This avoided 40 billion USD in fuel costs and 230 Mt CO2 in emissions. In China, the growth in wind and solar enabled fossil fuel power to fall 3, rather than rise by 1. In India, it slowed down the rise in fossil fuel power from 12 to 9. In the US, it slowed down the rise in fossil fuel power from 7 to 1. In the EU, it prevented a major rise in fossil fuel power - without wind and solar, fossil generation would have risen by 16 instead of 6. Power sector emissions may yet set a new record high in 2022 In July and August there was a rise in global coal and gas generation, leaving open the possibility that power sector CO2 emissions in 2022 may yet rise, following last year’s all-time high. This happened because China’s hydro surplus turned into deficit due to record droughts, and heatwaves struck across the world, pushing up electricity demand. 03 04 We are getting closer to a tipping point, where clean electricity - led by wind and solar - will meet all future electricity demand growth, and thus fossil fuel power generation peaks. Renewable generation growth has matched global electricity demand growth before; in 2015 and 2019. But when we are there, that is only the beginning. The electricity sector should be quickly reducing emissions. The fact that we’re still at or close to record highs shows how much more quickly the electricity transition needs to happen. 5 “Wind and solar are proving themselves during the energy crisis. The first step to ending the grip of expensive and polluting fossil fuels is to build enough clean power to meet the world’s growing appetite for electricity.” “We can’t be sure if we’ve reached peak coal and gas in the power sector. Global power sector emissions are still pushing all-time highs when they need to be falling very quickly. And the same fossil fuels pushing us into a climate crisis are also causing the global energy crisis.” “We have a solution wind and solar are homegrown and cheap, and are already cutting both bills and emissions fast.” Małgorzata Wiatros-Motyka Senior Electricity Analyst, Ember Wind and solar are proving themselves as an effective solution as the world faces escalating climate impacts, energy insecurity and economic instability. They are bringing down costs, and improving security. 6 7 Global electricity trends in the first half of 2022 Chapter 1 Global analysis Renewables, driven by wind and solar, met all the rise in global electricity demand. Therefore coal and gas generation were unchanged. However, power sector emissions may yet set a new record high in 2022. It’s uncertain if we have reached the point that the rise in clean power meets all the rise in electricity demand, therefore halting the rise in fossil fuels in the power sector. Renewables met growing electricity demand, halting coal and gas Global electricity demand rose 3, in line with the historic average. Global electricity demand increased by 389 TWh 3, in line with average historical demand growth for 2010- 2021. Total global demand reached 13,393 TWh in the first half of 2022, up from 13,004 TWh in the same period last year. Wind and solar met 77 of this demand growth. Wind and solar are now being built at scale in countries where electricity demand is growing the fastest in China, wind and solar generation met 92 of its electricity demand rise; in the US it was 81, while in India it was 23. Wind generation rose by 175 TWh 19 globally in the first half of 2022, while solar increased by 125 TWh 25. In total, solar generated 5 of global electricity in the first half of 2022 619 TWh, while wind generated 8 1,102 TWh. Renewables growth wind, solar, hydro met all of the electricity demand growth. Global renewables generation increased by 416 TWh, slightly exceeding the growth in global electricity demand of 389 TWh. In total, renewables generated 28 of global electricity in the first half of 2022 3,802 TWh, up from 26 3,387 TWh in the same period last year. 9 Most of the rise in generation can be attributed to the increase in installed capacity. However, the rise in generation is a little higher than we would expect due to capacity increases alone solar capacity in 2021 grew by 19 and wind by 13. Other contributing factors are weather conditions for example especially low wind in Q1-2021 in China and the EU, the timing of capacity additions, and the rise in higher output offshore wind. Hydro generation met the remaining rise in electricity demand. Hydro generation increased by 6 116 TWh, rising from 1,965 TWh in the first half of 2021 to 2,081 TWh in the same period this year. The growth in capacity was less than half of this. Therefore, the majority of the hydro generation rise - unlike for wind and solar - was due to favourable weather conditions. In particular, the poor hydro conditions seen in the first half of last year in China, Turkey and Brazil were not repeated this year. Coal and gas generation were almost unchanged. Because increased electricity demand was met from renewables, there was no need for additional generation from fossil fuels. Globally fossil generation changed only by 4 TWh, from 7998 TWh in the first half of 2021 to 8002 TWh in the same period this year. Coal fell by 36 TWh -1, gas by 1 TWh -0.05, while other fossil fuels mainly oil increased by 42 TWh 14. Consequently, global CO2 power sector emissions were unchanged, despite the rise in electricity demand. Power sector emissions may yet set a new record high in 2022 Despite the halt in fossil generation in the first half of 2022, coal and gas generation increased in July and August, as shown in the graph below. This happened because China’s hydro surplus early in 2022 turned into deficit by August as a severe drought hit the hydro-rich province of Sichuan, and heatwaves struck across the world, pushing up electricity demand. Nuclear generation is still down considerably in Europe, due to outages in France and German closures. Our latest year-to-date estimates for January to August show a 1 63 TWh rise in coal power and a 1.6 63 TWh rise in gas power as well as a rise of oil generation of 14 57 TWh compared to the same period last year. This rise in fossil 10 generation led to global power sector CO2 emissions increasing by 1.7 133 Mt during January to August, compared to the same period last year. Consequently, it is hanging in the balance whether fossil generation - and total power sector CO2 emissions - will rise to set a new record this year. 11 Are we close to a new tipping point Have we reached the point that the rise in clean power meets all the rise in electricity demand, therefore halting the rise in fossil fuels in the power sector This has happened twice before - in 2015 and 2019 see graph below - which were both years of below-average demand growth. The rises in July and August make it less likely it will happen in 2022, but it will certainly be close. As wind and solar add more generation every year, that tipping point gets closer. However, electricity demand growth will also be increasing, as electrification of heating, transport and industry picks up this decade, meaning we will need even more clean electricity every year. But for a 1.5 degree pathway, it’s not enough to stop fossil generation rising. The IEA Net Zero report shows power sector emissions need to more than halve by 2030, and reach “net zero” by 2040, ten years ahead of the rest of the global economy. 12 Mid-year insights by country Chapter 2 Country analysis In China, the rise in wind and solar generation alone met 92 of its electricity demand rise; in the US it was 81, while in India it was 23. China Growth in renewables and muted demand helped China’s coal fall in H1-2022 Wind and solar generation met 92 of China’s electricity demand rise in the first half of 2022. However, this was against the backdrop of muted electricity demand growth. A large hydro rebound meant total renewables more-than covered the rise in electricity demand leading to a decline in coal generation. However, by the end of August, coal’s fall in H1-2022 had been wiped out. Wind and solar generation met 92 of China’s electricity demand rise in the first half of 2022. Wind rose by 65 TWh, and solar rose by 47 TWh, meeting 92 of the 122 TWh rise in electricity demand. China’s rise in wind generation was 37 of the total global increase of wind generation, and for solar it was 38. Electricity demand growth was muted. China’s electricity demand grew by 3 in the first half of 2022 compared to the same period last year, and even went into reverse in April and May during the deepest lockdowns. This is slower than the average historical demand growth for 2010-21 of 7. Had electricity demand grown in line with the trend, wind and solar would have covered a smaller amount of the rise in electricity demand. A large hydro rebound meant total renewables more-than covered the rise in electricity demand leading to a decline in coal generation. Hydro rebounded from very poor conditions in early 2021. Hydro generation rose by 21, compared to an estimated increase in capacity of about 4. 14 India India’s coal power rose as renewables growth only partially met the rebound in electricity demand in H1-2022 In India, the growth in wind and solar generation met 23 of the rise in India’s electricity demand in the first half of 2022. This was in context of a strong rebound in electricity demand from the pandemic lows in 2021. In July and August, electricity demand growth calmed. Coal’s fall in H1-2022 had been wiped out by the end of August. The hydro situation turned from boom to bust, with extensive drought across the hydro region of Sichuan in August. Extensive heat waves also pushed up electricity demand; electricity demand in August was 12 higher than in August 2021. As a result, coal increased by 111 TWh in July and August compared to last year, cancelling out the 79 TWh fall in coal power seen during the first six months of the year. 15 Wind and solar generation met 23 of the rise in India’s electricity demand in the first half of 2022. Wind generation increased by 4 TWh 13 and solar by 12 TWh 35. Unlike China, the EU and the US, most of India’s rise was in solar, rather than wind generation. Electricity demand rebounded. India’s electricity demand rebounded by a sizable 10. This is higher than the average 2010-21 growth of 7. It was mainly due to the country’s economy rebounding from an intense pandemic period seen in Q2 of 2021, which saw very low electricity demand. Had electricity demand grown in line with the trend, wind and solar would have obviously covered a larger amount of the rise in electricity demand. Coal generation rose rapidly, necessitated by a spike in electricity demand post- pandemic. India’s coal generation rose by 10 in the first half of 2022 compared to the same period last year. 16 The role of gas in India’s electricity mix has further diminished. Gas generation fell by 31 in the first half of 2022 compared to the same period last year. This meant gas generation was only 1.78 14 TWh of India’s total electricity generation in the first half of 2022. Electricity demand growth slowed down in July and August. This slowed down the rise in coal power. 17 European Union Wind and solar rose in the EU but a temporary decline in hydro and nuclear led to a brief uptick in coal In the EU, hydro and nuclear generation declined significantly. Wind and solar generation rose, enough to meet half of the nuclear and hy