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Carbon Neutrality in the UNECE Region Technology Interplay under the Carbon Neutrality Concept UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE UNITED NATIONS GENEVA, 2022 ©2022 United Nations Carbon Neutrality in the UNECE Region Technology Interplay under the Carbon Neutrality Concept 4 Carbon Neutrality in the UNECE Region 8 L I ¼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¼ V Q P M G I R W I H T V S G I W W S V G S Q Q I V G M E P T V S H Y G X W H S I W R S X M Q T P ] I R H S V W I Q I R X F ] X L I 9 R M X I H 2 E X M S R W 8 L M W T Y F P M G E X M S R M W M W W Y I H M R R K P M W L E R H 6 Y W W M E R ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 8 L M W H S G Y Q I R X W Y T T S V X W M Q T P I Q I R X E X M S R S J X L I T V S N I G X G E P P I H R L E R G M R K Y R H I V W X E R H M R K S J X L I M Q T P M G E X M S R W E R H S T T S V X Y R M X M I W S J Q S Z M R K X S G E V F S R R I Y X V E P M X ] M R X L I 9 2 V I K M S R E G V S W W X L I T S [ I V E R H I R I V K ] M R X I R W M Z I M R H Y W X V M I W F ] E V F S R 2 I Y X V E P M X ] T V S N I G X 8 L M W V I T S V X [ E W T V I T E V I H F ] ; E P O I V E V O I Y R H I V W X V E X I K M G K Y M H E R G I E R H E H Z M G I S J - Z E I E V I V Y R R M R K S Y X S J X M Q I X S P M Q M X X L I M Q T E G X W S J G P M Q E X I G L E R K I - R E G X M S R M W E T S P M G ] G L S M G I X L E X G S Y P H P I E H X S Q S V I W M K R M¼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¼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¾ G M I R G ] I P I G X V M¼ G E X M S R S J X L I I R I V K ] W ] W X I Q E R H H M K M X E P M E X M S R - R R S Z E X M Z I Q I E W Y V I W M R M R H Y W X V ] X V E R W T S V X E R H F Y M P H M R K W T P E ] E T M Z S X E P V S P I T V S Z M H I H Q Y G L R I I H I H M Q T I X Y W X S [ E V H G E V F S R R I Y X V E P M X ] E Q M H M R G V I E W M R K P ] Y V K I R X G E P P W J S V E G X M S R - R 7 I T X I Q F I V X L I 9 2 , M K L P I Z I P M E P S K Y I S R R I V K ] G S R Z I R I H X L I ¼ V W X K P S F E P K E X L I V M R K S R I R I V K ] Y R H I V X L I E Y W T M G I W S J X L I I R I V E P W W I Q F P ] W M R G I - X [ E W X L I 9 R M X I H 2 E X M S R W I E V S J P S F E P R I V K ] G X M S R E R H X L I 9 2 * V E Q I [ S V O S R Z I R X M S R S R P M Q E X I L E R K I L I P H M X W X L S R J I V I R G I S J X L I 4 E V X M I W 3 4 X 3 4 X L I ¼ R E P E K V I I Q I R X Calls upon Parties to accelerate the development, deployment, and dissemination of technologies, and the adoption of policies, to transition towards low-emission energy systems, including by rapidly scaling up X L I H I T P S ] Q I R X S J G P I E R T S [ I V K I R I V E X M S R E R H I R I V K ] I¾ G M I R G ] Q I E W Y V I W M R G P Y H M R K E G G I P I V E X M R K I J J S V X W toward the phasedown of unabated coal power and phase-out of inefficient fossil fuel subsidies, while providing targeted support to the poorest and most vulnerable in line with national circumstances and recognizing the need for help towards a just transition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¼ R E P M I X L I M V G Y V V I R X T E X L [ E ] W E R H E H E T X X L I M V I R I V K ] W ] W X I Q W X S G S Q T P ] [ M X L X L I 4 E V M W K V I I Q I R X X E V K I X W 8 L I X V E R W J S V Q E X M S R S J I R I V K ] W ] W X I Q W R I I H W X S W X E V X R S [ E R H G E R R S X F I H S R I M R M W S P E X M S R 13 Technology Interplay under the Carbon Neutrality Concept I¼ R M R K G E V F S R R I Y X V E P M X ] Carbon Neutrality refers to achieving net-zero carbon emissions [ M X L E K S E P S J G S R W X V E M R M R K K P S F E P [ E V Q M R K X S q W X V M Z M R K X S q M R P M R I [ M X L X L I 4 E V M W K V I I Q I R X E V F S R R I Y X V E P M X ] V I U Y M V I W E G E V I J Y P F E P E R G M R K S J E G X Y E P G E V F S R I Q M W W M S R W [ M X L G E V F S R V I Q S Z E P X L V S Y K L R E X Y V E P W M R O W I R K M R I I V I H G E V F S R V I Q S Z E P X I G L R S P S K M I W E R H I P M Q M R E X M R K G E V F S R I Q M W W M S R W G G S V H M R K X S X L I 4 E V M W K V I I Q I R X G E V F S R R I Y X V E P M X ] M W H I¼ R I H E W E G L M I Z M R K E F E P E R G I F I X [ I I R E R X L V S T S K I R M G I Q M W W M S R W F ] W S Y V G I W E R H V I Q S Z E P W F ] W M R O W S J K V I I R L S Y W I K E W I Q M W W M S R W M R X L I W I G S R H L E P J S J X L M W G I R X Y V ] - R X L I G S R X I \ X S J X L M W T V S N I G X E V F S R 2 I Y X V E P M X ] V I J I V W X S E G L M I Z M R K R I X I V S G E V F S R I Q M W W M S R W X L E X G S R W X V E M R K P S F E P [ E V Q M R K X S q F ] F E P E R G M R K V I T S V X I H G E V F S R I Q M W W M S R W Q E M R P ] G E V F S R H M S \ M H I E R H Q I X L E R I [ M X L G E V F S R V I Q S Z E P X L V S Y K L R E X Y V E P W M R O W S V I R K M R I I V I H G E V F S R V I Q S Z E P X I G L R S P S K M I W W Y G L E W 9 7 F M S I R I V K ] [ M X L G E V F S R G E T X Y V I E R H W X S V E K I L M P I X L I V I E V I R S I E W ] E R W [ I V W X L I V I M W E R Y V K I R X R I I H X S ¼ R H E F E P E R G I F I X [ I I R X L S W I G S Q T I X M R K ] I X M R X I V V I P E X I H M R X I V I W X W FIGURE 3 The Energy Trilemma as a Framework to attain Carbon Neutrality Technology Interplay under the Carbon Neutrality Concept How is carbon neutrality achievable and why are innovative technologies needed 6 I E G L M R K G S R W I R W Y W S R X L I I R I V K ] X V E R W M X M S R X S [ E V H W G E V F S R R I Y X V E P M X ] M W E G S Q T P I \ T V S F P I Q 4 S P M G ] G L S M G I W L E Z I I J J I G X W S R I \ M W X M R K E R H R I [ I R I V K ] X I G L R S P S K M I W E R H I G S R S Q M G K V S [ X L E R H X L I ] E V I W Y F N I G X X S X L I E Z E M P E F M P M X ] S J R E X M S R E P I R I V K ] V I W S Y V G I W - R G V I E W M R K P ] X M K L X X M Q I W G E P I W Q I E R X L E X M H I E P T E X L [ E ] W X S G E V F S R R I Y X V E P M X ] E V I M R G V I E W M R K P ] P I W W J I E W M F P I [ M X L S Y X M Q T S W M R K H M W V Y T X M S R X S W S G M I X ] W I E G L G S Y R X V ] L E W Y R M U Y I G M V G Y Q W X E R G I W I U Y M X E F P I E G G I W W X S V I W S Y V G I W Q Y W X F I H I Z I P S T I H X S E X X E M R G E V F S R R I Y X V E P M X ] H E T X E F M P M X ] M R W Y G L E G S Q T P I \ X V E R W M X M S R M W Z M X E P X S H I Z I P S T Q I G L E R M W Q W X S H V M Z I G S R W I R W Y W E Q S R K W X M R X I V I W X I H T E V X M I W S R I R W Y V M R K X M Q I P ] V E T M H H I G M W M S R Q E O M R K V E T M H X V E R W M X M S R M W P M O I P ] X S H M W V Y T X W S G M I X ] Y R P I W W T S P M G ] Q E O I V W Y W I E P P X L I E Z E M P E F P I S T X M S R W Z I R Y R H I W M V E F P I S T X M S R W Q E ] F I R I G I W W E V ] E V F S R R I Y X V E P M X ] M W E G L M I Z E F P I F ] Y W M R K E Q M \ X Y V I S J P S [ E R H I V S G E V F S R X I G L R S P S K M I W E R H G L E R K I W M R W S G M E P F I L E Z M S V R I V K ] H I Q E R H [ M P P F I H V M Z I R F ] I G S R S Q M G E G X M Z M X ] P M J I W X ] P I G L E R K I W E R H M Q T V S Z I Q I R X W M R I R I V K ] I J J M G M I R G ] P S [ G E V F S R J Y I P W W Q E V X X I G L R S P S K M I W E R H X L I I P I G X V M J M G E X M S R S J E P P W I G X S V W 9 2 W Y T T S V X W E R M R X I K V E X I H E T T V S E G L X S I R I V K ] X I G L R S P S K M I W X S V I T V I W I R X E P P Q I Q F I V G S Y R X V M I W M R X I V I W X W E R H Q E \ M Q M I X L I W ] R I V K M I W S J H M Z I V W I I R I V K ] W S Y V G I W G V S W W X L I 9 2 V I K M S R J S W W M P J Y I P W G Y V V I R X P ] H S Q M R E X I X L I I R I V K ] W Y T T P ] H Y I X S P I K E G ] M R J V E W X V Y G X Y V I I E W I S J X V E R W T S V X E X M S R W X S V E K I M R J V E W X V Y G X Y V I E R H I R I V K ] H I R W M X ] \ M W X M R K E R H R I [ E P X I V R E X M Z I P S [ E R H I V S G E V F S R X I G L R S P S K M I W R I I H X S F I Y W I H X S W Y T T S V X W Y W X E M R E F P I H I Z I P S T Q I R X 7 Y W X E M R E F P I M R R S Z E X M Z I W S P Y X M S R W W Y G L E W 9 7 L ] H V S K I R E R H X L I E H Z E R G I H S J R Y G P I E V T S [ I V Q Y W X F I W G E P I H Y T X S Q E X G L X
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