最新翻译IRENA3.5万字报告：中国的碳中和之路，可再生能源的前景和作用（中英对照）.pdf-solarbe文库

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中国的碳中和之路可再生能源的前景和作用 China s route to carbon neutrality Perspectives and the role of renewables 翻译报告厅翻译组更多相关内容请参考 www.baogaoting.com © 国际可再生能源署（IRENA ） 2022 除非另有说明，本刊物中的材料可以自由使用、共享、复制、打印和/ 或存储，前提是适当确认IRENA 作为资料来源和版权所有者。本出版物中归属于第三方的材料可能受到单独的使用条款和限制，并且在使用此类材料之前可能需要获得这些第三方的适当许可。国际标准书号978-92-9260-449-3 IRENA 2022 ，中国的碳中和之路可再生能源的前景和作用，国际可再生能源署，阿布扎比。关于IRENA 国际可再生能源署IRENA 是国际合作的主要平台、卓越的中心、是政策、技术、资源和金融知识的宝库，以及推动全球能源系统转型的实地行动的驱动力。IRENA 是一个成立于2011 年的政府间组织，旨在促进各种形式的可再生能源的广泛采用和可持续利用，包括生物能源、地热、水电、海洋、太阳能和风能，以实现可持续发展、能源获取、能源安全和低碳经济增长和繁荣。www.irena.org 致谢 IRENA 衷心感谢审阅该报告的专家。中国宏观经济研究院能源研究所提出了深刻的意见和建设性的建议。特别感谢Paul Komor ，他提供了有用的反馈和建议。 IRENA 的同事Herib Blanco 、Seungwoo Kang 、Martina Lyons 、Daniel Russo 、Francisco Boshell 、Carlos Fernandez 、 Faran Rana 和Jinlei Feng 提供了宝贵的评论和意见。特约作者本报告是在Dolf Gielen （IRENA 创新与技术中心主任）的指导下，由Paul Durrant （前IRENA 员工）、Nicholas Wagner 、Yong Chen （IRENA ）和 Yufeng Yang （顾问）编写。免责声明本出版物和此处的材料均按原样提供。IRENA 已采取所有合理的预防措施来验证本出版物中材料的可靠性。但是，IRENA 及其任何官员、代理、数据或其他第三方内容提供商均不提供任何形式的明示或暗示保证，并且他们对使用此出版物或材料的任何后果不承担任何责任或义务。此处包含的信息不一定代表IRENA所有成员的观点。提及特定公司或某些项目或产品并不意味着它们得到IRENA 的认可或推荐，也不代表它们优先于未提及的其他类似性质的公司。此处使用的名称和材料的呈现方式并不意味着IRENA 对任何地区、国家、领土、城市或地区或其当局的法律地位或边界划定表示任何意见。 © IRENA 2022 Unless otherwise stated, material in this publication may be freely used, shared, copied, reproduced, printed and/or stored, provided that appropriate acknowledgement is given of IRENA as the source and copyright holder. Material in this publication that is attributed to third parties may be subject to separate terms of use and restrictions, and appropriate permissions from these third parties may need to be secured before any use of such material. ISBN 978-92-9260-449-3 IRENA 2022, China s route to carbon neutrality Perspectives and the role of renewables, International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi. About IRENA The International Renewable Energy Agency IRENA serves as the principal platform for international co- operation, a centre of excellence, a repository of policy, technology, resource and financial knowledge, and a driver of action on the ground to advance the transformation of the global energy system. An intergovernmental organisation established in 2011, IRENA promotes the widespread adoption and sustainable use of all forms of renewable energy, including bioenergy, geothermal, hydropower, ocean, solar and wind energy, in the pursuit of sustainable development, energy access, energy security and low-carbon economic growth and prosperity. www.irena.org Acknowledgements IRENA would like to express sincere appreciation to the experts who reviewed the report. Insightful comments and constructive suggestions were provided by the Energy Research Institute of the Academy of Macroeconomic Research, China. Special thanks go to Paul Komor, who provided helpful feedback and advice. IRENA colleagues Herib Blanco, Seungwoo Kang, Martina Lyons, Daniel Russo, Francisco Boshell, Carlos Fernandez, Faran Rana and Jinlei Feng provided valuable reviews and input. Contributing authors This report was prepared, under the guidance of Dolf Gielen Director, IRENA Innovation and T echnology Centre by Paul Durrant former IRENA staff, Nicholas Wagner, Yong Chen IRENA and Yufeng Yang consultant. Disclaimer This publication and the material herein are provided “as is”. All reasonable precautions have been taken by IRENA to verify the reliability of the material in this publication. However, neither IRENA nor any of its officials, agents, data or other third-party content providers provides a warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, and they accept no responsibility or liability for any consequence of use of the publication or material herein. The information contained herein does not necessarily represent the views of all Members of IRENA. The mention of specific companies or certain projects or products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by IRENA in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The designations employed, and the presentation of material herein, do not imply the expression of any opinion on the part of IRENA concerning the legal status of any region, country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of frontiers or boundaries.3 CHINA S ROUTE TO CARBON NEUTRALITY 目录缩略语 5 执行摘要 6 IRENA 以技术为中心的分析 7 行动领域和初步建议 7 1 . 中国在全球背景下的二氧化碳排放目标 17 1.1 全球背景 17 1.2 中国特色 18 2. 制定2020 年代及以后的战略 20 2.1 制定并提供一个综合的长期能源计划 21 2.2 坚持将提高能源效率作为优先事项 22 2.3 加快逐步减少煤炭消耗 23 2.4 加快向可再生能源转型 25 2.5 改革电力网络 27 2.6 提高终端使用部门的电气化水平 3 1 2.7 扩大可再生能源的直接使用，特别是生物质能 34 2.8 扩大氢和合成燃料的生产和使用 36 2.9 支持城市成为低碳生活的倡导者 39 2.10 轻型运输持续进步，并向重型运输和长途运输模式扩展 40 2.11 为工业部门实现净零排放奠定基础 44 2.12 继续支持技术研发和部署和更广泛的系统性创新 48 2.13 深化全球参与 49 结论和进一步工作的领域 5 1 参考文献 52 CHINA S ROUTE TO CARBON NEUTRALITY 3 CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6 IRENA’s technology-focused analysis 7 Areas for action and initial recommendations 7 1. CHINA’S CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSION GOALS IN THE GLOBAL CONTEXT 17 1.1 Global context 17 1.2 China’s unique characteristics 18 2. SHAPING A STRATEGY FOR THE 2020s AND BEYOND 20 2.1 Developing and delivering an integrated long-term energy plan 21 2.2 Maintaining energy efficiency improvements as a priority 22 2.3 Accelerating the phase-down of coal consumption 23 2.4 Accelerating the transition towards renewable power 25 2.5 Reforming power networks 27 2.6 Increasing the electrification of end-use sectors 3 1 2.7 Expanding the direct use of renewables, particularly biomass for energy purposes 34 2.8 Scaling up the production and use of hydrogen and synthetic fuels 36 2.9 Supporting cities as champions of low-carbon living 39 2.10 Continuing progress in light-duty transport and broadening to heavy-duty and long-haul modes 40 2.11 Laying the groundwork for industrial sectors to achieve net zero emissions 44 2.12 Continuing to support technology RD IRENA, 2022b 重点关注从现在到2050 年通过消除全球二氧化碳排放，将全球气温上升限制在1.5摄氏度° C 以下的情景。本文总结了这些分析报告和其他分析报告中的主要见解，并探讨了它们与中国具体情况的相关性。该文件旨在支持借鉴全球经验，促进讨论，并为中国到2060 年实现碳中和的进一步工作提供信息。行动领域和初步建议作为讨论的起点和确定更深入分析的优先事项，本文确定了采取强有力行动的13 项优先事项，并提出了建议 1. 制定和提供一个综合的长期能源计划有效的综合能源规划是能源转型成功的基础，可以提供能源转型所需的有利条件。能源转型不是一个单一的政府机构可以完成的事情。必须是多个机构共同努力。在实现净零排放目标的背景下，以中国迄今为止的良好实践为基础，需要进一步协调以建立一个强大的治理结构，不仅在能源规划机构之间，而且在能源和气候界之间。中国在有效制定和实施五年计划方面有着良好的记录。近年来，高层决策者提供的长期展望和指导方针提供了背景和战略政策目标。这些需要进一步实施。 CHINA S ROUTE TO CARBON NEUTRALITY 7 IRENA’s technology-focused analysis This paper provides some initial insights based on the technology-focused work of the International Renewable Energy Agency IRENA with countries around the world, as well as on IRENA analysis of global and regional energy transitions. The paper draws on multiple IRENA reports on power sector flexibility, hydrogen and the sustainable use of biomass. It also draws specifically on IRENA’s Innovation Landscape for a Renewable-Powered Future report IRENA, 2019a and supporting briefs, on the Reaching Zero with Renewables report IRENA, 2020a and on IRENA’s global roadmap – the World Energy Transitions Outlook WETO IRENA, 2021a; IRENA, 2022b – which is focused on a scenario consistent with limiting global temperature rise to below 1.5 degrees Celsius °C, by eliminating global CO 2 emissions between now and 2050. This paper summarises key insights from these and other analytical reports and explores their relevance to China’s specific context. The paper aims to support learning from global experiences, prompt discussions and inform the further work needed to chart the path to carbon neutrality in China by 2060. Areas for action and recommendations As a starting point for discussions and to identify priorities for deeper analysis, this paper identifies 13 priorities for stronger action, together with recommendations 1. Developing and delivering an integrated long-term energy plan Effective and integrated energy planning is fundamental for a successful energy transition and can deliver the enabling conditions that the energy transition would require. The energy transition is not something that can be accomplished by a single governmental body. Multiple institutions must work together. In the context of the net zero goal and building on good practice in China to date, further co-ordination is needed to establish a strong governance structure, not only between energy planning agencies and institutions but also between the energy and climate communities. China has a strong track record of effective development and implementation of Five-Year Plans. In recent years, long-term perspectives and guidelines provided by top policy makers give context and provide strategic policy objectives. These need to be operationalised further. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CHINA TO EXPLORE INCLUDE Co-develop scenario-based long-term strategies and plans for carbon neutrality by 2060, including at the national and the sub-regional/provincial levels and by sector. Utilise global best practice for long-term scenario development, drawing on experience and best practices from around the world through IRENA’s Long-Term Energy Scenarios Network.