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Passivating Contacts theory and applications Yimao Wan Ph.D Chief Scientist 7/12/2019 Conceptualisation of PV devices 2U. Würfel, A. Cuevas and P. Würfel, IEEE JPV 2015 Passivating contacts carrier selectivity concept 3 Carrier selectivity Selective collection of one carrier type at the contact How to measure it Contact recombination J0c Contact resistivity ρc How do we achieve it Heavy doping passivating contacts – Directly metalized doped Si – Doped polysilicon – Doped amorphous silicon Dopant free passivating contacts – Salts, carbonates, TMO, organic, and etc. Passivating contacts mechanism 4Allen et al. Nature Energy 2019 Doped polysilicon Doped amorphous silicon Dopant free passivating contacts Salts, carbonates, TMO, organic, and etc. State-of-the-art Directly metalized diffused silicon 5Bullock J., Ph.D thesis., 2016 Contact resistivity ρc Screen P 1 mΩcm2 Evap 0.001 mΩcm2 State-of-the-art Directly metalized diffused silicon 6 Contact resistivity ρc Screen P 1 mΩcm2 Evap 0.001 mΩcm2 Contact recombination J0c 350 fA/cm2 Bullock J., Ph.D thesis., 2016 Directly metalized application PERC, PERL, SE 7 Screen PEvap Bullock J., Ph.D thesis., 2016 J. Zhao et al. / Solar Energy Materials Solar Cells 66 2001 27-36 Diffusion SE Metal paste Screen PERL UNSW 25 State-of-the-art doped polysilicon passivating contacts 8Yan D., Ph.D thesis., 2016 ρc 10 mΩcm2 J0c 1–20 fA/cm2 Doped polysilicon application TOPCON, POLO-IBC 9 Screen PEvap Bullock J., Ph.D thesis., 2016 Richter et al. SolMat 2017 Yan et al. APL 2018 PolySi P-type TOPCON ANU 23 N-type TOPCON F-ise 25.7 Doped amorphous silicon application HJT, HBC 10 Screen PEvap Bullock J., Ph.D thesis., 2016 PolySi a-Si HJT Hanergy 25.11 Dopant-free carrier-selective passivating contacts 11Allen et al. Nature Energy 2019 Getting the extreme work function to work Mechanisms include introducing asymmetric work functions, band offsets, tunnelling probabilities and more mobility, defects etc. A very wide range of materials Oxides, fluorides, nitrides, organic materials etc. with a strong electron or hole collecting capability Dopant-free passivating contacts case study 12 A growing family of dopant-free passivating contacts 13 Dopant-free passivating contacts application nPERC, DASH 14Bullock J., Ph.D thesis., 2016 First N-type PERC 23.1 DASH 20.7 Dopant-free passivating contacts applications Perovskite 15 Regular structure –TiO2 ETL Inverted structure –NiOx HTL Dopant-free passivating contacts applications Perovskite/Si tandem 16 Wu et al. En. En. Sci. 2017 ITO/Metal/diffused Si ANU 22.7 Dopant-free passivating contact ANU 23.2 Doped Si passivating contacts EPFL 25.2 Sahli et al. Nat. Mat. 2018 He et al. Sci. Adv. 2018 Cell Technology Roadmap Tandem 29 17 Risen 2020 1. PERC with Polysilicon 2. HJT 2020 Year of “Passivating Contacts” 钝化接触元年 ➢ Upgrade PERC with passivating contacts ➢ Heterojunction with thin a-Si HJT Cell efficiency roadmap 21.92 22.19 22.38 22.50 22.80 23.00 23.2023.20 23.50 24.0023.50 24.00 24.50 2019Q1 2019Q2 2019Q3 2019Q4 2020H1 2020H2 2021 PERC PERCTOPCON HJT THE POWER OF RISING VALUE www.risenenergy.com Thanks

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