BP《世界能源统计年鉴2021》-solarbe文库

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Statistical Review of World Energy 2021 | 70th editionContents Introduction 1 Chief executive officer’s introduction 2 2020 at a glance 3 Chief economist’s analysis Primary energy 1 0 Consumption 11 Consumption by fuel 13 Consumption per capita CO2 Carbon 1 5 Carbon dioxide emissions Oil 1 6 Reserves 1 8 Production 22 Consumption 2 8 Prices 3 0 Refining 3 2 Trade movements Natural gas 3 4 Reserves 3 6 Production 3 8 Consumption 41 Prices 4 2 Trade movements Coal 46 Reserves 48 Production 49 Consumption 51 Prices and trade movements Nuclear energy 5 2 Consumption Hydroelectricity 5 3 Consumption Renewable energy 5 5 Renewables consumption 56 Renewable power generation 57 Generation by source 58 Solar capacity 59 Wind capacity 60 Biofuels production 61 Biofuels consumption Electricity 6 3 Generation 65 Generation by fuel Key minerals 6 6 Production 67 Reserves 67 Prices Appendices 6 8 Approximate conversion factors 6 9 Definitions 6 9 More information Discover more online All the tables and charts found in the printed edition are available at bp.com/statisticalreview plus a number of extras, including The energy charting tool – view predetermined reports or chart specific data according to energy type, region, country and year. Historical data from 1965 for many sections. Additional country and regional coverage for all consumption tables. Additional data for refined oil production demand, natural gas, coal, hydroelectricity, nuclear energy and renewables. PDF versions and PowerPoint slide packs of the charts, maps and graphs, plus an Excel workbook and database format of the data. Download the bp World Energy app Explore the world of energy from your tablet or smartphone. Customise charts and perform the calculations. Review the data online and offline. Download the app for free from the Apple App Store and Google play store. For 66 years, the BP Statistical Review of World Energy has provided high-quality objective and globally consistent data on world energy markets. The review is one of the most widely respected and authoritative publications in the field of energy economics, used for reference by the media, academia, world governments and energy companies. A new edition is published every June. Discover more online All the tables and charts found in the latestprinted edition are available at bp.com/statisticalreview plus a number of extras, including The energy charting tool – view predetermined reports or chart specific data according to energy type, region, country and year. Historical data from 1965 for manysections. Additional data for refined oil production demand, natural gas, coal, hydroelectricity, nuclear energy and renewables. PDF versions and PowerPoint slide packs of the charts, maps and graphs, plus an Excel workbook of the data. Regional and country factsheets. Videos and speeches. Energy Outlook Watch the BP Energy Outlook 2017 video, containing our projections of long-term energy trends to 2035. Download the booklet and presentation materials at bp.com/energyoutlook Join the conversation BPstats Download the BP World Energy app Explore the world of energy from your tablet or smartphone. Customize charts and perform the calculations. Review the data online and offline. Download the app for free from the Apple App Store and Google play store. Disclaimer The data series for proved oil and gas reserves in BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2017 does not necessarily meet the definitions, guidelines and practices used for determining proved reserves at company level, for instance, as published by the US Securities and Exchange Commission, nor does it necessarily represent BP’s view of proved reserves by country. Rather, the data series has been compiled using a combination of primary official sources and third-party data.1 bp Statistical Review of World Energy 2021 Chief executive officer’s introduction The fall in carbon emissions from energy use was equally striking, with emissions falling by over 6 in 2020 – again, the largest decline since 1945. Although unmatched in modern peacetime, the rate of decline in carbon emissions last year is similar to what the world needs to average each year for the next 30 years to be on track to meet the aims of the Paris Agreement. Not just green but greening There are worrying signs that last year’s COVID-induced dip in carbon emissions will be short lived as the world economy recovers and lockdowns are lifted. The challenge is to achieve sustained, comparable year-on-year reductions in emissions without massive disruption to our livelihoods and our everyday lives. Since the Paris Conference of Parties COP21 in 2015 there has been a huge increase in countries’ ambitions to decarbonize. Around 70 of the world’s carbon emissions are now covered by net zero targets and pledges. But this rising ambition has yet to be translated into a decisive reduction in emissions. The next big staging post for that challenge will occur later this year in Glasgow, Scotland which will host COP26 – arguably the most important UN climate change conference since the Paris meeting. I hope that, in years to come, we all talk about the Glasgow Agreement with the same importance and reverence as we do the Paris goals. I sincerely believe that companies like bp with net zero ambitions, coherent plans, and near, medium, and long-term aims – companies that are committed to ‘greening’ – have a hugely significant part to play in achieving the Paris goals. Yes, the world needs more low carbon companies. But maybe more than anything, it also needs existing energy companies to decarbonize and in so doing use their scale and expertise to help bring about the deep and complex rewiring and replumbing of the global energy system that the world wants and needs to see over the next 30 years. It will take producers and consumers, as well as companies, governments, and society, all working together to bring about the necessary change. 100th anniversary of the Statistical Review In 30 years, the Statistical Review will celebrate its 100th anniversary reporting and analyzing energy developments in 2050, a year which has become the focal point for so many net zero ambitions and aims. What events and developments will our successors be able to look back on in 30 years’ time Did the world respond quickly and decisively enough to reduce the impacts of climate change We at bp are committed to playing our role. And I hope this year’s Statistical Review will be useful to everyone pursuing a similar transition. The Review would not be possible without the continuing co-operation and transparency of governments and statistical agencies around the world who each year contribute their official data, and the bp team who make it so accessible and useful. You have my heartfelt thanks. And as ever, Spencer Dale and the team welcome any feedback you might have. Bernard Looney Chief executive officer July 2021 2020 will forever be remembered as the year COVID-19 turned our daily lives upside down. Above all, this is a human tragedy. At the time of writing, around four million people are estimated to have died due to COVID-19. The true number is almost certainly far higher, and it continues to rise. The combination of the pandemic and the actions taken to limit its impact led to the largest recession in modern peacetime, with that loss falling disproportionately on those in the world’s poorest and least- developed countries. The economic scars from the pandemic will likely persist for years to come. And, of course, the pandemic and resulting economic turmoil spilled over into unparalleled volatility and disruption in global energy markets. Companies that are committed to ‘greening’ have a hugely significant part to play in achieving the Paris goals. This year’s 70th edition of the bp Statistical Review provides all of us with the objective and timely data needed to help make sense of the most tumultuous events affecting energy markets in any of the past seven decades. Energy in 2020 Global energy demand is estimated to have fallen by 4.5 in 2020. This is the largest recession since the end of World War II, driven by an unprecedented collapse in oil demand, as the imposition of lockdowns around the world decimated transport-related demand. The drop in oil consumption accounted for around three-quarters of the total decline in energy demand. Natural gas showed greater resilience, helped primarily by continuing strong growth in China. Despite the disorder of 2020, renewable energy, led by wind and solar energy, continued to grow prolifically. Remarkably, wind and solar capacity increased by a colossal 238 GW last year – 50 larger than any previous expansion. Likewise, the share of wind and solar generation in the global power mix recorded its largest ever increase. The relative immunity of renewable energy to the events of last year is encouraging.2 bp Statistical Review of World Energy 2021 Energy developments Primary energy consumption fell by 4.5 in 2020 – the largest decline since 1945. The drop in energy consumption was driven mainly by oil, which contributed almost three-quarters of the net decline, although natural gas and coal also saw significant declines. Wind, solar and hydroelectricity all grew despite the fall in overall energy demand. By country, the US, India and Russia contributed the largest declines in energy consumption. China posted the largest increase 2.1, one of only a handful of countries where energy demand grew last year. Carbon emissions Carbon emissions from energy use fell by 6.3, to their lowest level since 2011. As with primary energy, this was the largest decline since the end of World War II. Oil The oil price Dated Brent averaged 41.84/bbl in 2020 – the lowest since 2004. Oil consumption fell by a record 9.1 million barrels per day b/d, or 9.3, to its lowest level since 2011. Oil demand fell most in the US -2.3 million b/d, the EU -1.5 million b/d and India -480,000 b/d. China was virtually the only country where consumption increased 220,000 b/d. Global oil production shrank by 6.6 million b/d, with OPEC accounting for two-thirds of the decline. Libya -920,000 b/d and Saudi Arabia -790,000 b/d saw the largest OPEC declines, while Russia -1.0 million b/d and the US -600,000 b/d led non-OPEC reductions. Refinery utilization fell by a record 8.0 percentage points to 74.1, the lowest level since 1985. Natural gas Natural gas prices declined to multi-year lows US Henry Hub averaged 1.99/mmBtu in 2020 – the lowest since 1995, while Asian LNG prices Japan Korea Marker registered their lowest level on record 4.39/mmBtu. Natural gas consumption fell by 81 billion cubic metres bcm, or 2.3. Nevertheless, the share of gas in primary energy continued to rise, reaching a record high of 24.7. Declines in gas demand were led by Russia -33 bcm and the US -17 bcm, with China 22 bcm and Iran 10 bcm contributing the largest increases. Inter-regional gas trade reduced by 5.3, completely accounted for by a 54 bcm 10.9 drop in pipeline trade. LNG supply grew by 4 bcm or 0.6, well below the 10-year average rate of 6.8 p.a. US LNG supply expanded by 14 bcm 29, but this was partially offset by declines in most other regions, notably Europe and Africa. Coal Coal consumption fell by 6.2 exajoules EJ, or 4.2, led by declines in the US -2.1 EJ and India -1.1 EJ, with OECD coal consumption falling to its lowest level in our data series back to 1965. China and Malaysia were notable exceptions, increasing their consumption by 0.5 EJ and 0.2 EJ respectively. Global coal production was down 8.3 EJ 5.2. As with consumption, production growth in China 1.1 EJ was outweighed by sharp declines in several countries, including the US -3.6 EJ, Indonesia -1.3 EJ and Colombia -1.0 EJ. Renewables, hydro and nuclear Renewable energy including biofuels but excluding hydro rose by 9.7, slower than the 10-year average 13.4 p.a. but the increment in energy terms 2.9 EJ was similar to increases seen in 2017, 2018 and 2019. Solar electricity rose by a record 1.3 EJ 20, however, wind 1.5 EJ provided the largest contribution to renewables growth. Solar capacity expanded by 127 GW, while wind capacity grew 111 GW – almost double its previous highest annual increase. China was the largest individual contributor to renewables growth 1.0 EJ, followed by the US 0.4 EJ. Europe, as a region, contributed 0.7 EJ. Hydroelectricity grew by 1.0, again led by China 0.4 EJ, while nuclear energy fell 4.1, driven mainly by declines in France -0.4 EJ, the US -0.2 EJ and Japan -0.2 EJ. Electricity Electricity generation fell by 0.9 – more than the decline in 2009 -0.5, the only other year in our data series which starts in 1985 when electricity demand fell. The share of renewables in power generation increased from 10.3 to 11.7, while coal’s share fell 1.3 percentage points to 35.1 – a new low in our data series. Key minerals Lithium production fell 4.6 on a drop in Australian output, while Cobalt output rose 2.9 as production in the Democratic Republic of Congo partially recovered from its dip in 2019. Rare earth metals production expanded by 23.2, driven by strong growth in Australia and the US. The COVID-19 pandemic had a dramatic impact on energy markets, with both primary energy and carbon emissions falling at their fastest rates since the Second World War. Nevertheless, renewable energy continued to grow, with solar power recording its largest ever increase. -4.5 and -6.3 Decline in global primary energy consumption and carbon emissions, the largest falls since 1945 2020 at a glance3 bp Statistical Review of World Energy 2021 developed economies – is expected to persist for many years after the virus is brought under control. Long COVID can take many different forms. For the global energy system, the combination of the pandemic, together with efforts to mitigate its impact, led to developments and outturns unmatched in modern peacetime. For energy, 2020 was a year like no other. The aim in this analysis is to use the new Statistical Review data to try to shed light on those developments, focusing on three key questions. First, over the past year, we have been bombarded with daily headlines of unprecedented developments and volatility. Standing back from all the noise, what exactly happened last year in the world of energy and how surprising was it Second, the global pandemic was the mother of all stress tests. Engineers will tell you that we can learn a lot from how systems behave under extreme pressure. In that spirit, what have we learnt from the response of the global energy system to the COVID-19 crisis And finally, this all took place against a backdrop of increasing societal and political demands for an accelerated transition to a net zero energy system. Indeed, Glasgow in Scotland was due to host COP26