Theory and Praxis Experiences from an AgroPhotovoltaic Project in Germany -Boris Farnung-Fraunhofer ISE-solarbe文库

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© Fraunhofer ISE State of the art of Agrophotovoltaics in Germany FRAUNHOFER INSTITUTE FOR SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS ISE Boris Farnung, Stephan Schindele Fraunhofer ISE PVPMC Workshop Weihai, China, 04.12.2018 www.ise.fraunhofer.de © Fraunhofer ISE 2 AGENDA n Problem n Solution n Germany n International n RD Outlook © Fraunhofer ISE 3 AGENDA n Problem n Solution n Germany n International n RD Outlook © Fraunhofer ISE 4 Source AGEE-Stat, BMWi / own layout n Energy Transformation has only recently started n Best sites for RE-implementation are already taken n Demand for land continues to be high n Sector coupling electricity sector merges with heat/cooling and transport sector n Paris Agreement binding climate policy targets n Limit increase of arable land occupation to 30 ha/day by 2030 GSDS Share of RE 1990 – 2015 and goals by 2050 i n Year Electricity demand Prime energy demand Problem Ambitious Renewable Energy RE Targets in Germany © Fraunhofer ISE 5 Problem Scarcity of arable land, Crops suffer from too much sun Agriculture Globally arable land available per capita has decreased by 48 since 1961 Many crops suffer from too much sunlight „Fuel, Fiber or Food“ Discussion Agricultural sector accounts for 7.5 CO2-emissions Resource efficient land use à Dual use of land à multiple cropping © Fraunhofer ISE 6 AGENDA n Problem n Solution n Germany n International n RD Outlook © Fraunhofer ISE 7 Solution Integrated Food-Energy Systems Agrophotovoltaics APV n Definition of Agrophotovoltaics “APV is a system technology that enables the simultaneous main agricultural production and secondary solar power generation on the same area and which seeks to optimally utilizing synergy effects and potentials of both production systems.” Source Hofgemeinschaft Heggelbach Source Media Repromayr Source Farmfolio © Fraunhofer ISE 8 n Chile, 2017 n 3x APV-Prototypes in Metropolitan Region Santiago de Chile n each 15 kWp, si-PV n Technology Transfer n Social integration n Broccoli, cauliflower, herbs Solution APV-Prototypes of Fraunhofer ISE and Fraunhofer Chile n Germany, 2016 n APV-Prototype in Heggelbach, Southern Germany n 194,4 kWp, bi-facial PV-Modules n Spinnanker-foundation, Soil protection during installation n Own power consumption n Potato, winter wheat, celery, clover Source Fraunhofer CSET Source Hofgemeinschaft Heggelbach © Fraunhofer ISE 9 n Fraunhofer ISE patent on APV-design and lightmangement simulation of radiation on ground level under APV n Homogeneous distribution of radiation underneath APV possible n Sufficient radiation during vegetation phase of crops feasible n Electricity losses compared to South orientation are low -5 Orientation South Orientation South-east or South-west Quelle Fraunhofer ISE Space between two module rows Space between two module rows Ra di a t i on [ k W h/ m 2] Ra di a t i on [ k W h/ m 2] Solution Optimization of PV and Photosynthesis Yields Source Fraunhofer ISE © Fraunhofer ISE 10 n Increase in yield and quality improvement through shading is possible n Depending on crop rotation and average Light Compensation Point LCP site specific reduction in solar radiation feasible Source Fraunhofer ISE 0 Category Crops Salad 0 Rape Barley - Corn PAR – photosynthetic active radiation [] B i o m as s Y i el d [ ] Solution Shade Tolerant Crops Exist © Fraunhofer ISE 11 Source Fraunhofer ISE Solution Suitable crops Case study Germany Classification of Germany’s most relevant economic food/feed plants in agriculture with respect to shade tolerance Cereal e.g. Rye, Barley, Oat Green cabbage Rapeseed Pea Asparagus Carrots Radish Leek Celery Fennel 0 Onion Cucumber Zucchini - Wheat Corn Pumpkin Grapes* Sunflower Fruits* Broccoli Millet Sugar beet Cauliflower Red beets Potato Grapes* Fruits* Hops Spinach Ginseng Salad Field bean Legumes *depending on the type © Fraunhofer ISE 12 AGENDA n Problem n Solution n Germany n International n RD Outlook © Fraunhofer ISE 13 n A 1981, Fraunhofer ISE, Goetzberger A., Zastrow A., On the Coexistence of Solar-Energy Conversion and Plant Cultivation n B 2004, Elektro Guggenmos, Warmisried, 70 kWp, Beetroot, barley, leek, n C 2006, FhG ISE, SunPower USA, Prof. Yamaguchi JP, Energy Farming n D 2010, Gärtnerei Haller, Bürstadt, 1.200 kWp, Peony Flower n E 2013, University Weihenstephan-Triesdrof, 30 kWp, Cabbage n F 2013, Krug‘s Spargel, Lampertheim, 5.000 kWp, Ginseng n G 2015, Krug‘s Sparge, Bürstadt, 5.000 kWp, Ginseng n H 2016, Fraunhofer ISE, Heggelbach, 194 kWp, Wheat, potato, celery n I 2018, University Dresden, 12,9 kWp, Spinach, peas, beans, radishes A B C C E A B Germany APV-Projects between 1981 and 2018 D E F C D G H I © Fraunhofer ISE 14 n Installed 2016 n Region near Lake Constance n Surface 136m x 25m 1/3 ha n Direction 80° Quelle Fraunhofer ISE n Height 8m n Vertical clearance 5m n Installed capacity 194 kWp Agrophotovoltaic Project Germany Technical Design © Fraunhofer ISE 15 Quelle Fraunhofer ISE First year crops winter wheat, celery, potatoes and clover 15 Source BayWa Reference APV c l o v er Plot withMicroclima-Station Agrophotovoltaic Project Germany Technical Design © Fraunhofer ISE 16 n Irradiance n Global tilted front 20° n Global tilted back 20° n Global diffuse horizontal n Global horizontal shaded 1,5m n PAR photosynthetic active radiation Sensor shaded 1.5m n Tmod, Tamb Agrophotovoltaic Project Germany Sensor Equipment © Fraunhofer ISE 17 n DC Voltage and current n reference inverter 3 MPPTrackers n Energie/Power n AC reference inverter n AC overall production n AC to farm n AC from Utility Agrophotovoltaic Project Germany Sensor Equipment © Fraunhofer ISE 18 Agrophotovoltaic Project Germany Monitoring Results 2017 Feed -in to grid self-consumption © Fraunhofer ISE 19 Specific Yield 1257 kwh/kWp Irradiance tilted 1218 kWh/m2 First full year of operation 2017 Agrophotovoltaic Project Germany Monitoring Results 2017 © Fraunhofer ISE 20 Total Yield 2444401 kWh Specific Yield 1257kwh/kWp Irradiance tilted 1218kWh/m2 Performance Ratio 97,4 First full year of operation 2017 Agrophotovoltaic Project Germany Monitoring Results 2017 © Fraunhofer ISE 21 Agrophotovoltaic Project Germany Harvest in 2017 and 2018 Winter Wheat n 2017 yield -19 under APV n 2018 yield 2 under APV Y i el d © Fraunhofer ISE 22 n 2017 total yield -18 under APV n 2018 total yield 11 under APV n Tubers 50 mm smaller under APVsoil compaction Agrophotovoltaic Project Germany Harvest in 2017 and 2018 Potato Y i el d © Fraunhofer ISE 23 © Fraunhofer ISE 24 Agrophotovoltaic Project Germany Increase of Land-use Efficiency by over 60 Source Fraunhofer ISE, University of Hohenheim n PV-cropping is feasible and synergies generate additional income for farmers n LER Wheat n 81,3 yield n 74, 6 yield inkl. land loss n 83 electricity LER Wheat 149,2 LER PV 166,0 LER APV 157,6 © Fraunhofer ISE 25 n APV-LCOE approx. 1/3 than PV-GM n APV-OPEX than PV-GM due to synergy effects n APV Learning curve Economics of Scale Source Fraunhofer ISE n Constraints n Land area 2 ha n PV-GM 1,38 MWp n APV 1,04 MWp n Solar radiation 1.209 kWh/m2/a Agrophotovoltaic Project Germany Economic Evaluation - LCOE © Fraunhofer ISE 26 AGENDA n Problem n Solution n Germany n International n RD Outlook © Fraunhofer ISE 27 Proof of Concept worldwide – Part I n A Italy, R.E.M. Tech Energy, 3 x APV systems since 2011 n 3,2 MWp, 1,3 MWp, 2,15 MWp Agrovoltaico n B France, University of Montpellier, 50 kWp, 2010 n 2017 – 2019 45 MWp Agrivoltaic and SolarGreenHouses n C Japan, Solar Sharing, Ministry of Agriculture, Forest and Fishery, Akira Nagashima n 1.054 Solar Sharing 2013 - 2017, approx. 85 MWp n D Italy, Corditec, Ahlers, 800 kWp, 2012 n E Egypt, SEKEM, Almaden, Kairo, 90 kWp, 2017 n F USA, University of Arizona, approx. 50 kWp, 2017 n G Taiwan, Green Source Technology, unknown kWp, 2016 n H Korea, Korea Hydro Nuclear Power Corporation, 78, kWp, 2018 A B C E D E F G H © Fraunhofer ISE 28 Proof of Concept worldwide – Part II I J L M N H I J K L n I Italy, Villa Crespia Muratorio, E. Gimbel, Wine yard, 2011 n J France, Straßburg, 300 kWp, E. Gimbel, 2016 n K China, Ningxia, 700 MWp, Huawai, 2016 n L Chile, 3x APV-systems, Santiago, Fraunhofer CSET, 2016 n M China, Changshu, Zhongli PV Agricultural Research Institute, Talesun, 9,8 MWp, 2016 n APV-systems intended in Vietnam, Israel, East Africa, India, USA n Total installed APV capacity worldwide until 2018 approx. 1,95 GWp K © Fraunhofer ISE 29 AGENDA n Problem n Solution n Germany n International n RD Outlook © Fraunhofer ISE 30 RD Outlook – Part I Next Steps at Fraunhofer ISE n GIS potential analysis n Define site criteria, e.g. n Next to farm for own power generation n Rural area with grid access n Define criterion of exclusion, e.g. n Hillside situation n Cultural landscape heritage n Define parameter on how to manage and control APV area on local government level n Merge lightmanagement tool with biomass simulations n Quality assurance, APV-Norm/-Standard, bankability n Define Key Performance Indicators KPI of APV, e.g. n Land use efficiency, e.g. energy output per area n Measure and proof synergistic effects Source GIS layers model www.gembc.ca